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"Apport d'un réseau GPS temps réel centimétrique en vue de garantir l'interopérabilité des SIG entre les pays frontaliers et la France et d'assurer l'homogénéité du géoréférencement des SIG" / Madara Caunite (2006)
Titre : "Apport d'un réseau GPS temps réel centimétrique en vue de garantir l'interopérabilité des SIG entre les pays frontaliers et la France et d'assurer l'homogénéité du géoréférencement des SIG" Type de document : Mémoire Auteurs : Madara Caunite, Auteur Editeur : Champs-sur-Marne : Ecole nationale des sciences géographiques ENSG Année de publication : 2006 Importance : 36 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Note générale : bibliographie
Master professionnel en GéomatiqueLangues : Français (fre) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Navigation et positionnement
[Termes IGN] Europe (géographie politique)
[Termes IGN] géoréférencement
[Termes IGN] interopérabilité
[Termes IGN] positionnement cinématique en temps réel
[Termes IGN] réseau permanent EUREF
[Termes IGN] station virtuelle de référence
[Termes IGN] système d'information géographique
[Termes IGN] TeriaIndex. décimale : DSIG Mémoires du master 2 IG, du master 2 SIG, de l'ex DEA SIG Résumé : (auteur) Le sujet "Apport d'un réseau GPS temps réel centimétrique en vue de garantir l'interopérabilité des SIG entre les pays frontaliers et la France et d'assurer l'homogénéité du géoréférencement des SIG" est d'actualité. De nombreux pays ont créé des réseaux permanents GNSS temps. Il s'agit de réseaux à caractère public ou privé, proposant des positionnements de précision variable et qui ont une vocation commerciale. En France un tel réseau sous l'impulsion des Géomètres-Experts, baptisé TERIA, vient d'être implémenté et devrait être opérationnel pour la fin de l'année 2006. Il a pour vocation de s'ouvrir à l'Europe et une de ses finalités est d'être interopérable avec les pays frontaliers respectifs, dont une analyse des réseaux est indispensable. Note de contenu : 1- Introduction
2- Les réseaux GPS temps réel
3- Démarche de l'étude
4- Expérience personnelle
5- France
6- Interopérabilité des réseaux GPS temps réel centimétriques avec les pays frontaliers
7- Constat sur l'interopérabilité des systèmes d'information géographique
8- Propositions et actions
9- ConclusionNuméro de notice : 25733 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE/POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Mémoire Master 2 IG Organisme de stage : Exagone Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=94922 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 25733-01 DSIG Livre Centre de documentation Travaux d'élèves Disponible vol 54 n° 213 - 01/01/2006 (Bulletin de Navigation aérienne, maritime, spatiale, terrestre) / Institut français de navigation
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Titre : vol 54 n° 213 - 01/01/2006 Type de document : Périodique Auteurs : Institut français de navigation, Auteur Editeur : Paris : Institut Français de Navigation IFN Année de publication : 2006 Importance : 120 p. Langues : Français (fre) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Navigation et positionnement Numéro de notice : 094-0601 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Numéro de périodique Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=bulletin_display&id=3817 [n° ou bulletin]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 094-06011 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible
Titre : Precise relative positioning of formation flying spacecraft using GPS Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Remco Kroes, Auteur Editeur : Delft : Netherlands Geodetic Commission NGC Année de publication : 2006 Collection : Netherlands Geodetic Commission Publications on Geodesy, ISSN 0165-1706 num. 61 Importance : 163 p. Format : 17 x 24 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-90-6132-296-2 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Navigation et positionnement
[Termes IGN] ambiguïté entière
[Termes IGN] compensation Lambda
[Termes IGN] erreur systématique
[Termes IGN] filtre de Kalman
[Termes IGN] GPS-INS
[Termes IGN] GRACE
[Termes IGN] image TerraSAR-X
[Termes IGN] mesurage de pseudo-distance
[Termes IGN] méthode des moindres carrés
[Termes IGN] navigation spatiale
[Termes IGN] orbitographie par GNSS
[Termes IGN] positionnement différentiel
[Termes IGN] positionnement par GPS
[Termes IGN] précision millimétrique
[Termes IGN] qualité des données
[Termes IGN] résolution d'ambiguïté
[Termes IGN] signal GPSIndex. décimale : 30.70 Navigation et positionnement Résumé : (Auteur) Spacecraft formation flying is currently considered as a key technology for advanced space missions. Compared to large individual spacecraft, the distribution of Sensor systems amongst multiple platforms offers improved flexibility and redundancy, shorter times to mission and the prospect of being more cost effective. Besides these advantages, satellite formations in low Earth orbit provide advanced science opportunities that cannot, or not easily, be realized with single spacecraft. One of the fundamental issues of spacecraft formation flying is the determination of the relative state (position and velocity) between the satellite vehicles within the formation. Knowledge of these relative states in (near) real-time is important for operational aspects. In addition, some of the scientific applications, such as high resolution interferometry, require an accurate post-facto knowledge of these States. The goal of this dissertation is therefore to develop, implement and test a method for high precise post-facto relative positioning of formation flying spacecraft, using GPS observation data. The need for such a methodology comes from scientific satellite formation flying missions that are currently being planned. A good example here is the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry formation consisting of the TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X satellites. The primary mission objective here requires the relative position to be known within a 2 mm precision (1-dimensional).
GPS receivers are often considered as the primary instruments for precise relative navigation in future satellite formation flying missions. As is commonly known, precise relative positioning between GPS receivers in geodetic networks is exercised on a routine basis. Furthermore, GPS receivers are already frequently used onboard satellites to perform all kinds of navigational tasks, are suitable for real-time applications and provide measurements with a 3-dimensional nature.
Previous studies carried out in this research area focussed on the real-time or operational aspects, and all used GPS data obtained from software or hardware-in-the-loop simulations. This dissertation clearly distinguishes itself due to the fact that the developed methodology has been tested using real-world GPS data from the GRACE mission, which in addition also provides a precise way to validate the obtained results by means of the GRACE K/Ka-Band Ranging System (KBR) observations.
One of the key aspects of any GPS positioning application is the quality of the observation data used. To this extent an in-flight performance analysis of the used GRACE (and CHAMP) GPS data bas been carried out. The results show that the GRACE GPS pseudorange observations, on the individual frequencies, are subject to systematic errors in the order of 10-15 cm. Furthermore, an assessment of the noise of both the GPS pseudorange and carrier phase data demonstrates that the noise of the GRACE B observation data is significantly lower.
When using GPS for precise relative spacecraft positioning, the trajectory or orbit of one of the spacecraft, serving as the reference, has to be known to the best possible extent. In order to facilitate this, a total of three precise orbit determination strategies, using undifferenced ionosphere free GPS pseudorange and carrier phase observations, have been implemented and tested. They comprise a kinematic and reduced dynamic batch LSQ estimation method, as well as an extended Kalman filter/smoother (EKF), that also form the conceptual basis for the relative spacecraft positioning strategies. Each of the precise orbit determination concepts has been tested using GPS data from the CHAMP and GRACE missions. The reduced dynamic batch LSQ orbits were validated with Satellite Laser Ranging data, where the residuals showed an RMS of 3-4 cm.
Out of a total of four possible processing strategies that have been identified for relative spacecraft positioning, only an extended Kalman filter/smoother has proven to work satisfactorily when tested on the real-world GRACE GPS data. The EKF processes single difference GPS pseudorange and carrier phase observations and uses (pseudo) relative spacecraft dynamics to propagate the relative satellite state over the observation epochs. Despite its single difference parametrization the EKF can still resolve and incorporate the integer double difference carrier phase ambiguities, which is commonly regarded as, and has proven to be in this dissertation, the key to precise GPS based relative positioning. Estimation of the integer ambiguities is accomplished by the well known Least Squares Ambiguity Decorrelation Adjustment (LAMBDA) method. Due to the presence of systematic errors in the GRACE GPS data, a relatively conservative validation of the estimated integer ambiguity parameters was found to be required prior to their incorporation in the filter. When validating the daily ambiguity fixed GRACE relative position solutions from the EKF with the KBR observations, it has been shown that an actual overall relative position precision of 0.9 mm (1-dimensional) over a 101 day data arc is achieved. This dissertation is the first that proves that such precision can be truly obtained for real-world relative spacecraft positioning applications.Note de contenu : 1 Introduction
1.1 Spacecraft formation flying using GPS
1.2 Research objective and motivation
1.3 The CHAMP and GRACE satellite missions
1.4 Outline
2 GPS observations
2.1 Observation types
2.3 Linear data combinations
2.4 Linearization for positioning
2.5 Relative positioning models
2.6 GPS data quality
3 Precise orbit determination
3.1 GPS orbit and clock products
3.2 Reference frame transformations.
3.3 Kinematic orbit determination.
3.4 Reduced dynamic orbit determination
3.5 GHOST toolkit
3.6 POD results
4 Relative spacecraft positioning
4.1 Integer ambiguity resolution
4.2 Proposed processing strategies
4.3 Details of the extended Kalman filter
4.4 Extended Kalman filter results.
4.5 Some words on
5 Conclusions and outlookNuméro de notice : 15179 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Thèse étrangère DOI : sans En ligne : https://www.ncgeo.nl/downloads/61Kroes.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=55089 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 15179-01 30.70 Livre Centre de documentation Géodésie Disponible 15179-02 30.70 Livre Centre de documentation Géodésie Disponible
Titre : The Swiss trolley : a modular system for track surveying Type de document : Rapport Auteurs : Ralph Glaus, Auteur Editeur : Zurich : Schweizerischen Geodatischen Kommission / Commission Géodésique Suisse Année de publication : 2006 Collection : Geodätisch-Geophysikalische Arbeiten in der Schweiz, ISSN 0257-1722 num. 70 Importance : 184 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-3-908440-13-0 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Navigation et positionnement
[Termes IGN] capteur imageur
[Termes IGN] capteur non-imageur
[Termes IGN] données localisées
[Termes IGN] filtre de Kalman
[Termes IGN] fonction spline
[Termes IGN] fusion de données
[Termes IGN] GPS en mode cinématique
[Termes IGN] GPS en mode différentiel
[Termes IGN] GPS-INS
[Termes IGN] lissage de données
[Termes IGN] navigation à l'estime
[Termes IGN] odomètre
[Termes IGN] positionnement absolu
[Termes IGN] précision millimétrique
[Termes IGN] prise de vue terrestre
[Termes IGN] réseau ferroviaire
[Termes IGN] surveillance d'ouvrage
[Termes IGN] tachéomètre électronique
[Termes IGN] transport ferroviaireIndex. décimale : 30.70 Navigation et positionnement Résumé : (Auteur) Modern railway infrastructure requires accurate, absolute referenced spatial data for project planning, construction and maintenance. On the one hand, passenger safety and travel comfort depend to a large extent on accurate tracks. On the other hand, absolute referenced coordinates of railway assets facilitate data exchange between railway operators and third parties. In addition, time slots for maintenance are short, due to the high volumes of traffic on major railway lines. Thus, flexible surveying systems are required yielding accurate data within a short time. The multi-sensor platform Swiss Trolley, which offers such a flexible system, copes with absolute referenced spatial data. The platform is mounted on a track vehicle. This allows for a complete description of the track environment in kinematic mode with a minimum of interference time with regular traffic.
The Swiss Trolley features a modular design. A basic module for assessing track key parameters such as chainage, cant, twist, gradients and track gauge covers monitoring tasks on construction sites. A positioning module integrating GPS or total stations allows for the determination of the track axis. A further scan module can be used to generate absolute referenced point clouds in the track environment.
This work compiles the development steps of the Swiss Trolley. Relevant side conditions re-garding track surveying, coming from track geometry and the railway operators are summarised and state-of-the-art systems are reviewed. Based on these premises, a niche for Swiss Trolley applications is defined. Sensors providing geometric data in the track environment are evaluated in regard to their suitability and error behaviour.
The key problem of the trolley positioning consists in determining the six degrees of freedom of the multi-sensor platform at any point in time. The chosen kinematic approach asks for a careful treatment of time constraints. Each data string coming from a specific sensor must own an accurate time tag. Kinematic surveys at walking speed with subcentimetric accuracy require time tags with millisecond accuracy.
The incorporated sensors were investigated regarding their error behaviour. Calibration issues are addressed and approaches for the bias determination are presented. Models for correcting collimation errors and nuisance accelearations are given for the pendulum inclination sensors used. Moreover, emphasis was placed on biases emerging at kinematic surveys for the particular optical total station used. Reduction models for the laser scanner data are proposed and calibration procedures providing intrinsic orientation and latency parameters are given.
A kinematic model for Swiss Trolley surveys based on the Frenet base system and its canonical representation was developed. Explicit formulae are given for runs on geometric elements dominating in the railway track environment. For the mutual data processing, a loosely coupled filter concept is proposed consisting of data pre-processing, synchronisation and filtering steps. The core of data processing is a Kalman filter, estimating vehicle and track states in an absolute or a relative reference frame. By means of the filter approach, the observations of the involved sensors can be integrated in a spatial model. Individual filter runs can be assembled by an additional merge step. Merged runs in up and down direction allow for a quality assessment and also allow for the monitoring of eventually remaining biases such as a boresight misalignment or inclination sensor zero point offsets.
Positioning accuracies for the static and kinematic case were assessed on the one hand by the comparison of up and down runs. On the other hand, comparisons were carried out with independently measured reference data. The static error behaviour of the Swiss Trolley could be evaluated by using a slab track alignment. Submillimetric positioning accuracies were obtained in combination with high-precision total stations. Kinematic positioning accuracy mainly depends on the positioning sensor used. Optical total stations providing synchronised angle and distance data allow for subcentimetric positioning. High-precision DGPS position-ing yields subcentimetric accuracy for the horizontal component. The typical vertical accuracy is better than two centimetres. The integrated longitudinally mounted inclination sensor slightly augments the mere GPS solution. The attitude determination of the platform is a result of the combined data treatment. For GPS surveys, the typical pitch angle accuracy is two mrad. Yaw angles essentially correspond to the derivation of the trajectory with respect to the covered path and are determined with one mrad accuracy. Roll angle accuracy is dominated by the inclination sensor measurements across the track. The typical accuracy is 0.3 mrad. For the scan module, laser dots in the absolute reference frame are degraded by the uncertainty of the trajectory and the platform attitude amplified by a geometry-depending lever. The absolute accuracy of such a dot is three centimetres using a time-of-flight laser scanner. Relative accuracy between two adjacent dots amounts to five millimetres.
The Swiss Trolley was successfully applied on numerous assignments. Adaptations for the multi-sensor platform exist for tunnel site locomotives and road-vehicles.Note de contenu : 1 Introduction
2 Track Geometry
2.1 Nominal Geometries
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Horizontal Layout
2.1.3 Vertical Layout
2.2 Rules and Standards of Different Countries
2.2.1 Horizontal Layout
2.2.2 Vertical Layout
2.2.3 Cant
2.3 Kinematic Model of Motion
2.3.1 Kinematics in the Frenet System
2.3.2 Canonical Representation of the Most Common Track Curves
2.4 Remarks on Track Accuracy
2.4.1 General Remarks
2.4.2 Relative and Absolute Accuracy of a Track
2.5 Methods for Track Surveying
2.5.1 Overview
2.5.2 Relative Track Surveying
2.5.3 Absolute Track Surveying
2.5.4 Selected Track-Surveying Systems
2.5.5 The Swiss Trolley - Finding the Niche
3 Potentials and Limitations of a Kinematic Track-Surveying System
3.1 Kinematic Surveying
3.2 Absolute Position Fixing
3.2.1 GNSS
3.2.2 Tracking Total Stations
3.3 Dead Reckoning
3.3.1 Inertial Navigation Systems (INS)
3.3.2 Yaw Rates by Chord Techniques
3.3.3 Odometers
3.3.4 Height Determination by an Inclination Sensor
3.4 Attitude Determination
3.5 Kinematic Surveys of the Railway Inventory
3.5.1 Track Gauge Measuring Systems
3.5.2 Laser Scanners
3.5.3 3D Cameras
3.5.4 Ground Penetration Radar (GPR)
3.6 Synchronisation
3.7 Modelling
3.8 Transformation
4 The Track-Surveying Trolley
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Development
4.1.2 Concept
4.2 Data Acquisition
4.2.1 Electronic Box
4.2.2 A/D Conversion
4.2.3 Data Synchronisation
4.3 Reconstruction
4.4 Inclination Sensors
4.4.1 Sensor Characteristics
4.4.2 Calibration of Characteristic Curve
4.4.3 Temperature Influences
4.4.4 Corrections for Non-Orthogonalities (Collimation Error)
4.4.5 Dynamic Behaviour of the Inclination Sensor
4.4.6 Transformation of the Inclination Angles into the Body-System
4.5 Track Gauge Measuring System
4.5.1 Characteristics and Measuring Principle of the Track Gauge Measuring System
4.5.2 Calibration
4.6 Odometers
4.6.1 Characteristics and Calibration
4.7 Integration of Tracking Total Stations
4.7.1 Characteristics
4.7.2 Common Total Station Biases
4.7.3 Deflections of the Vertical
4.7.4 Surveys in Canted Sections
4.7.5 Synchronisation of Distances and Angles
4.7.6 Internal Tacheometer and Radio Latencies
4.8 Integration of GPS
4.8.1 Characteristics
4.8.2 NMEA Data
4.9 Boresight Calibration of Prism and Antenna Phase Centre
4.10 Laser Scanners
4.10.1 Characteristics
4.10.2 Model
4.10.3 Yaw Angle Correction
4.10.4 Evaluation of the Laser Scanner Precision
4.10.5 Variance Propagation for a Given Scanner Arrangement
4.10.6 Kinematic Calibration of Rmb, xmb and the Latency
5 Data Processing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Post-Processing Software Concept
5.3 Data Preprocessing
5.3.1 Blunder Labelling
5.3.2 Reduction, Model
5.3.3 Linear Filters
5.3.4 Synchronisation
5.3.5 Reduction to the Centre Line of the Track
5.4 Trajectory Smoothing by a Kalman Filter
5.4.1 Discrete Kalman Filter
5.4.2 Backward Filter and Smoother
5.4.3 Absolute Model
5.4.4 Relative Model
5.5 Smoothing Splines
5.5.1 Smoothing Splines with First Derivatives
5.5.2 Comparison between Kalman Filter and Smoothing Splines
5.6 Merging Trajectories
5.6.1 Strategies for Merging
5.6.2 Chaining the Pieces
5.6.3 Merging
5.6.4 Linking Scans to Merged Trajectories
6 Applications
6.1 Slab Track Alignment
6.2 Kinematic Track Axis Surveys
6.2.1 Comparison between Forward Filter, Backward Filter and Smoother
6.2.2 Filter Tuning
6.2.3 Comparison between Absolute and Relative Model
6.2.4 The Influence of Inclinometer Measurement on GPS Heights
6.2.5 The Smoother in Action - GPS Example
6.2.6 The Smoother in Action - Total Station Example
6.3 Kinematic Scanning
7 ConclusionsNuméro de notice : 15261 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Rapport de recherche En ligne : https://www.sgc.ethz.ch/sgc-volumes/sgk-70.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=55115 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 15261-01 30.70 Livre Centre de documentation Géodésie Disponible 15261-02 30.70 Livre Centre de documentation Géodésie Disponible To locate a phone or PDA: GNSS/UMTS prototype for mass-market applications / G. Heinrichs in GPS world, vol 17 n° 1 (January 2006)
[article]
Titre : To locate a phone or PDA: GNSS/UMTS prototype for mass-market applications Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : G. Heinrichs, Auteur ; J. Winkel, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2006 Article en page(s) : pp 20 - 27 Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Navigation et positionnement
[Termes IGN] Galileo
[Termes IGN] géonavigateur
[Termes IGN] navigation
[Termes IGN] PDA
[Termes IGN] positionnement en intérieur
[Termes IGN] positionnement par GNSS
[Termes IGN] signal Galileo
[Termes IGN] signal GPS
[Termes IGN] télécommunication sans fil
[Termes IGN] téléphonie mobileRésumé : (Auteur) An important market step for Galileo will be timely availability of hybrid Galileo/GPS receivers in combination with wireless communications network positioning capabilities for consumer applications. The GAWAIN project has investigated these advanced receiver concepts, and this article presents initial ideas regarding an integrated GNSS/UMTS receiver architecture to meet the important requirements of seamless indoor/outdoor navigation. Copyright Questex Media Group Inc Numéro de notice : A2006-009 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article DOI : sans Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27736
in GPS world > vol 17 n° 1 (January 2006) . - pp 20 - 27[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 067-06011 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible When location means more than location / N. Nova in GEO: Geoconnexion international, vol 4 n° 10 (november – december 2005)
PermalinkAssistance when there's no assistance: long-term orbit technology for cell phones, PDAs / D. Lundgren in GPS world, vol 16 n° 10 (October 2005)
Permalinkvol 53 n° 212 - 01/10/2005 (Bulletin de Navigation aérienne, maritime, spatiale, terrestre) / Institut français de navigation
PermalinkEvaluating an indoor GPS receiver / A. Teubner in GEO: Geoconnexion international, vol 4 n° 8 (september 2005)
Permalinkvol 53 n° 211 - 01/07/2005 (Bulletin de Navigation aérienne, maritime, spatiale, terrestre) / Institut français de navigation
PermalinkPermalinkAccurate velocity assessment of a rowing skiff using kinematic GPS / B. Magee in Geomatica, vol 59 n° 2 (April 2005)
PermalinkContinuous navigation: combining GPS with sensor-based dead reckoning / G.Z. Bronsen in GPS world, vol 16 n° 4 (April 2005)
Permalinkvol 52 n° 210 - 01/04/2005 (Bulletin de Navigation aérienne, maritime, spatiale, terrestre) / Institut français de navigation
PermalinkPedestrian dead reckoning : a solution to navigation in GPS signal degraded areas? / O. Mezentsev in Geomatica, vol 59 n° 2 (April 2005)
PermalinkPermalinkApports des techniques de filtrage non linéaire pour la navigation avec les systèmes de navigation inertiels et le GPS / A. Giremus (2005)
PermalinkEin Beitrag zur Identifikation von dynamischen Strukturmodellen mit Methoden der adaptiven Kalman-Filterung / A. Eichhorn (2005)
PermalinkPermalinkvol 52 n° 209 - 01/01/2005 (Bulletin de Navigation aérienne, maritime, spatiale, terrestre) / Institut français de navigation
Permalinkvol 52 n° 208 - 01/12/2004 (Bulletin de Navigation aérienne, maritime, spatiale, terrestre) / Institut français de navigation
PermalinkPermalinkn° 3 - Les horizons du satellite (Bulletin de R & E [recherche et équipement], n° 3 [01/07/2004]) / François Perdrizet
Permalinkvol 52 n° 207 - 01/07/2004 (Bulletin de Navigation aérienne, maritime, spatiale, terrestre) / Institut français de navigation
Permalinkvol 52 n° 206 - 01/04/2004 (Bulletin de Navigation aérienne, maritime, spatiale, terrestre) / Institut français de navigation
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