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Spatiotemporal patterns of urbanization during the last four decades in Switzerland and their impacts on urban heat islands / Marti Bosch Padros (2021)
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Titre : Spatiotemporal patterns of urbanization during the last four decades in Switzerland and their impacts on urban heat islands Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Marti Bosch Padros, Auteur ; Jérôme Chenal, Directeur de thèse ; Stéphane Joost, Directeur de thèse Editeur : Lausanne : Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL Année de publication : 2021 Importance : 145 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Note générale : bibliographie
Thèse présentée pour l'obtention du grade de Docteur ès SciencesLangues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Analyse spatiale
[Termes IGN] aménagement du territoire
[Termes IGN] analyse diachronique
[Termes IGN] analyse spatio-temporelle
[Termes IGN] changement climatique
[Termes IGN] croissance urbaine
[Termes IGN] densité de population
[Termes IGN] espace vert
[Termes IGN] étalement urbain
[Termes IGN] ilot thermique urbain
[Termes IGN] modèle de simulation
[Termes IGN] modèle dynamique
[Termes IGN] occupation du sol
[Termes IGN] paysage urbain
[Termes IGN] service écosystémique
[Termes IGN] Suisse
[Termes IGN] urbanisationIndex. décimale : THESE Thèses et HDR Résumé : (auteur) Urbanization is nowadays a global phenomenon which is increasingly concentrating the world’s population in cities. In Switzerland, recent decades have seen an unprecedented loss of arable land due to urbanization, which has triggered amendments in the spatial planning laws with the aim of promoting urban densification. Nevertheless, despite remarkable efforts, the environmental impacts of distinctive urban patterns such as compact cities and urban sprawl remain poorly understood. One of the most remarkable environmental impacts of urbanization is the urban heat island effect, a phenomenon by which urban temperatures are warmer than in its rural surroundings. Central Europe, and therefore Switzerland, is among the regions in the world where temperatures are rising faster and the urban heat island effect is most prominent, which represents a central challenge for spatial planning. Most studies suggest that the urban heat island effect can be aggravated in compact cities, especially when considering the larger share of urban dwellers that are exposed to the highest temperatures. At the same time, the literature on the subject has seen a growing development of mitigation strategies, which suggest that the urban heat island effect can be significantly alleviated by an adequate planning of the building materials and urban green spaces. This doctoral dissertation intends to address the issues expressed above by performing a quantitative evaluation of the spatiotemporal patterns of urbanization in Switzerland and their impact on the urban heat island effect. To that end, the thesis adopts a landscape ecology perspective to quantify urban patterns and to spatially simulate the biophysical processes that underpin the urban heat island effect. The first article presents PyLandStats, an opensource library to compute landscape metrics in a repeatable and reproducible manner. In the second article, such a library is used to evaluate the spatiotemporal patterns of urbanization observed in the urban agglomerations of Bern, Lausanne and Zurich from 1980 to 2016. The results reveal that the outer zones of Bern and Lausanne are still undergoing diffusive urban expansion, whereas infill development is the dominant growth mode in both the inner and outer zones of Zurich. The thesis follows with the development of a spatially-explicit method to simulate urban heat mitigation using a recent model of urban cooling based on three biophysical mechanisms, namely tree shade, evapotranspiration and albedo. The study introduces an automated procedure to calibrate the parameters of the model, and shows that the proposed approach can outperform regression models based on remote sensing features. Then, in the fourth article, such an approach is applied to Lausanne in order to evaluate heat mitigation in a variety of urban greening scenarios which modify both the abundance and spatial configuration of the tree canopy cover. The simulations suggest a potential alleviation of the maximum nighttime temperatures of 2°C, which represents a major reduction of the human exposure to the urban heat island effect. Finally, a concluding chapter summarizes the main contributions of the dissertation and reviews key implications for urban planning in Switzerland. Overall, rather than prescribing urban densification as the customary strategy for spatial development, land use regulations and local plans should incorporate spatially-explicit evaluations of the ecosystem services provided by urban green spaces. Future research should extend the proposed approach to include further ecosystem services and explore trade-offs and spatially design solutions. Note de contenu : 1Urban greening scenarios for urban
heat mitigation- Introduction
2- Quantifying spatial patterns of landscapes
3- Spatiotemporal patterns of urbanization in three Swiss urban agglomerations
4- Spatially-explicit simulation of urban heat islands
6- Synthesis and outlookNuméro de notice : 28666 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE/URBANISME Nature : Thèse étrangère Note de thèse : Thèse de Doctorat : Sciences : EPFL : 2021 DOI : sans En ligne : https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/285477?ln=fr Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=99863 Stability of urban forms: modelling the emergence of collective behaviour in residential trajectories / Arthur Benichou (2021)
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contenu dans European Colloquium on Theoretical and Quantitative Geography 2021, Manchester, 3-5 November 2021 / Nuno Pinto (2021)
Titre : Stability of urban forms: modelling the emergence of collective behaviour in residential trajectories Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Arthur Benichou, Auteur ; Olivier Bonin , Auteur
Editeur : Manchester [Royaume-Uni] : Manchester University Press Année de publication : 2021 Conférence : ECTQG 2021, 22nd European Colloquium on Theoretical and Quantitative Geography 03/11/2021 05/11/2021 Manchester Royaume-Uni Open Access Abstracts Importance : pp 52 - 56 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Analyse spatiale
[Termes IGN] mobilité urbaine
[Termes IGN] modélisation spatiale
[Termes IGN] morphogenèse
[Termes IGN] trajet (mobilité)
[Termes IGN] villeNuméro de notice : C2021-074 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Communication DOI : sans Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=100061 Documents numériques
en open access
Stability of urban forms ... - pdf éditeurAdobe Acrobat PDFStatistical analysis of vertical land motions and sea level measurements at the coast / Kevin Gobron (2021)
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Titre : Statistical analysis of vertical land motions and sea level measurements at the coast Titre original : Analyse statistique des mesures des mouvement verticaux du sol et du niveau de la mer à la côte Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Kevin Gobron, Auteur ; Olivier de Viron, Directeur de thèse ; Michel Van Camp, Directeur de thèse Editeur : La Rochelle : Université de La Rochelle Année de publication : 2021 Autre Editeur : Liège [Belgique] : Université de Liège (siège) Importance : 212 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Note générale : bibliographie
Thèse en co-tutelle présentée pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de La Rochelle Université et et de Docteur en Sciences de Liège Université, Discipline : Terre solide et enveloppes superficiellesLangues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Géodésie spatiale
[Termes IGN] aménagement du littoral
[Termes IGN] amplitude
[Termes IGN] bruit blanc
[Termes IGN] déformation verticale de la croute terrestre
[Termes IGN] données marégraphiques
[Termes IGN] méthode du maximum de vraisemblance (estimation)
[Termes IGN] modèle stochastique
[Termes IGN] montée du niveau de la mer
[Termes IGN] positionnement par GNSS
[Termes IGN] série temporelle
[Termes IGN] surcharge océaniqueIndex. décimale : THESE Thèses et HDR Résumé : (auteur) Assurer la stabilité à long-terme des mesures du niveau de la mer à la côte est un enjeu essentiel à une gestion durable des territoires littoraux. Pour ce faire, les scientifiques reposent essentiellement sur deux techniques de mesure complémentaires : la marégraphie, qui permet de mesurer l’évolution du niveau de la mer par rapport à la côte, et la géodésie spatiale, qui permet de mesurer les mouvements verticaux de la côte elle-même, par rapport au centre de la terre. Ces techniques sont complémentaires car la correction des mouvements verticaux estimés par géodésie permet d’obtenir des mesures géocentriques du niveau de la mer à la cote, et donc de mieux comprendre l’origine des changements du niveau de la mer. Afin d’estimer et améliorer la stabilité et la qualité de ces deux sources d’informations, cette thèse propose des développements méthodologiques dédiés à l’estimation de la précision de chaque type d’observation, et en étudie les sources d’erreurs potentielles. Note de contenu : 1- Introduction
2- Estimation of deterministic parameters from observations
3- Estimation of stochastic parameters from observations
4- Elements of geodetic time series analysis
5- Event detection using hypothesis testing in linear models
6- Assessment of tide gauge sensor offsets in the presence of scale errors
7- Assessment of tide gauges biases and precisions by the combination of multiple co-located time series
8- Investigating the potential of the nonlinear LS-VCE method for the stochastic modelling of GNSS position time series
9- Impact of offsets on the stochastic modelling of GNSS position time series
10- Spatial and temporal properties of the stochastic variability in the position time series of over 10,000 stations
11- Influence of non-tidal atmospheric and oceanic loading on the stochastic properties of vertical land motion time series
12- Conclusions & perspectivesNuméro de notice : 28669 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Thèse française Note de thèse : Thèse de Doctorat : Terre solide et enveloppes superficielles : La Rochelle : 2021 Organisme de stage : Laboratoire Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés LIENs DOI : sans En ligne : https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03566564 Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=99881 Temporal calibration and synchronization of robotic total stations for kinematic multi-sensor-systems / Tomas Thalmann in Journal of applied geodesy, vol 15 n° 1 (January 2021)
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[article]
Titre : Temporal calibration and synchronization of robotic total stations for kinematic multi-sensor-systems Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Tomas Thalmann, Auteur ; Hans Neuner, Auteur Année de publication : 2021 Article en page(s) : pp 13 - 30 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Applications de géodésie spatiale
[Termes IGN] étalonnage
[Termes IGN] positionnement cinématique
[Termes IGN] référentiel
[Termes IGN] réseau local sans fil
[Termes IGN] synchronisation
[Termes IGN] tachéomètre électronique robotisé
[Termes IGN] tenseurRésumé : (auteur) Despite the increasing interest in kinematic data acquisition, Robotic Total Stations (RTSs) are still relatively seldom used. No matter if Mobile Mapping Systems or Control & Guidance, GNSS is mostly used as position sensor, which limits the application to outdoor areas. For indoor applications, a combination of relative sensors is usually employed. One reason why RTSs are not used is the challenging time referencing and synchronization. In this work we analyze the challenges of a synchronized kinematic application of RTSs and present solutions. Our approach is based on a wireless network synchronization to establish a precise temporal reference frame. The achievable synchronization quality is thoroughly examined. In addition we develop a kinematic model of spherical measurements, that incorporates timing related parameters. To estimate these parameters we propose a temporal calibration utilizing an industrial robot. Both parts of our approach are evaluated using a test setup of two total stations, proofing an overall synchronization accuracy of 0.2 ms. An overall horizontal kinematic point accuracy of 2.3 mm reveals the potential of sufficiently synchronized RTSs. Numéro de notice : A2021-043 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1515/jag-2019-0070 Date de publication en ligne : 16/12/2020 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1515/jag-2019-0070 Format de la ressource électronique : url article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=96770
in Journal of applied geodesy > vol 15 n° 1 (January 2021) . - pp 13 - 30[article]The spatial structure of socioeconomic disadvantage: a Bayesian multivariate spatial factor analysis / Matthew Quick in International journal of geographical information science IJGIS, vol 35 n° 1 (January 2021)
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[article]
Titre : The spatial structure of socioeconomic disadvantage: a Bayesian multivariate spatial factor analysis Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Matthew Quick, Auteur ; Hui Luan, Auteur Année de publication : 2021 Article en page(s) : pp 63 - 83 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Analyse spatiale
[Termes IGN] analyse multivariée
[Termes IGN] analyse socio-économique
[Termes IGN] classification bayesienne
[Termes IGN] pauvreté
[Termes IGN] quartier
[Termes IGN] revenu
[Termes IGN] structure spatiale
[Termes IGN] TorontoRésumé : (auteur) Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage is a measure of socio-spatial inequality that has been shown to be associated with a variety of social, economic, and health outcomes. Existing studies that explore the local patterning of disadvantage often construct composite indices that summarize the interactions between multiple dimensions of social status, but do not consider if, and how, disadvantage exhibits spatial structure. This study applies a Bayesian multivariate factor analytic modeling approach to examine the spatial structure of socioeconomic disadvantage in Toronto, Canada. Socioeconomic disadvantage is modeled as an area-based composite index associated with three variables measuring low income, low-educational attainment, and low occupational status, and a series of models with different assumptions regarding the spatial structure of disadvantage are compared. The best-fitting model shows that the prevalence of low-income households has the strongest positive association with disadvantage and that spatial clustering is three times more important than spatial heterogeneity for explaining the spatial structure of disadvantage. The implications of this study for analyzing multivariate spatial data and for understanding the interactions amongst multiple dimensions of disadvantage are discussed. Numéro de notice : A2021-020 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1080/13658816.2020.1759807 Date de publication en ligne : 07/05/2020 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2020.1759807 Format de la ressource électronique : url article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=96519
in International journal of geographical information science IJGIS > vol 35 n° 1 (January 2021) . - pp 63 - 83[article]Réservation
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