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Thailand Earth Observation System: mission and products / M. Kaewmanee in Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, n° 185 (Mars 2007)  

Public [article]  inRevue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection > n° 185 (Mars 2007) . - pp 12 - 18 Titre : Thailand Earth Observation System: mission and products Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : M. Kaewmanee, Auteur ; T. Choomnoommannee, Auteur ; R. Fraisse, Auteur Année de publication : 2007 Conférence : ISPRS 2006, Commission 1 Symposium, From sensors to imagery 03/07/2006 06/07/2006 Champs-sur-Marne [Paris Marne-la-Vallée] France OA ISPRS Archives Article en page(s) : pp 12 - 18 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Acquisition d'image(s) et de donnée(s) [Termes IGN] image multibande [Termes IGN] image panchromatique [Termes IGN] mission spatiale [Termes IGN] satellite agile [Termes IGN] secteur terrien [Termes IGN] THEOS Résumé : (Auteur) Thailand Earth Observation System (THEOS) Development Program was begun in July 2004. The program is developed by Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (Public Organization) (GISTDA) under the Ministry of Science and Technology, with European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company - Astrium (EADS Astrium SAS), in France, as a prime contractor. It consists of design, development, test, launch, and commissioning phases of THEOS satellite, as well as integration with associated control and data exploitation ground facilities. The aim of this paper is to present the characteristics of THEOS program which consists of the system architecture, satellite architecture, its associated ground facilities (Control Ground Segment and Image Ground Segment) and their products. THEOS satellite is a compact and agile satellite with a mass of 750 kilograms and a power consumption of 800 Watts. It has two push-broom scanning optical instruments, providing worldwide imagery in Panchromatic and Multispectral modes, covering the Visible and Near Infrared spectrum. The Panchromatic instrument has a resolution of 2 metres and a swath width of 22 kilometres. The Multispectral instrument has a resolution of 15 metres and a swath width of 90 kilometres. The satellite will be launched into a sun-synchronous low earth orbit in July 2007 and will have a design lifetime of at least 5 years. THEOS CGS (Control Ground Segment) will be established in Thailand to provide commands and control of the satellite. The satellite can be programmed either to downlink image data in real-time imaging or to read from the onboard memory and transmit image data recorded earlier during the same or previous orbital revolutions. Facilities will be provided at this station to accommodate the reception and processing of the data. THEOS system routine operational activities are organised on a daily basis with flexibility enabling to urgent requests. Data downlinked from the instrument will be transmitted to THEOS IGS (Image Ground Segment). The role of THEOS IGS is to provide value added products from THEOS images corresponding to end users' needs. It is equipped with a 13m X band antenna and RF electronics. Its hardware and software enable the automatic processing of the transmitted image telemetry (at 120 Mbps) up to level 2A. The 4 working stations of the Image Exploitation Facility provide high level tools to generate added value and precision product. Copyright SFPT Numéro de notice : A2007-396 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Article DOI : sans En ligne : https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVI/part1/Papers/T04-16.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=28759 [article]

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Space analysis and the detection of the changes for the follow-up of the components sand-vegetation in the area of Mecheria, Algeria / I. Haddouch in Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, n° 185 (Mars 2007)  

Public [article]  inRevue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection > n° 185 (Mars 2007) . - pp 26 - 29 Titre : Space analysis and the detection of the changes for the follow-up of the components sand-vegetation in the area of Mecheria, Algeria Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : I. Haddouch, Auteur ; K. Mederbal, Auteur ; S. SaÏdi, Auteur Année de publication : 2007 Conférence : ISPRS 2006, Commission 1 Symposium, From sensors to imagery 03/07/2006 06/07/2006 Champs-sur-Marne [Paris Marne-la-Vallée] France OA ISPRS Archives Article en page(s) : pp 26 - 29 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Applications de télédétection [Termes IGN] analyse diachronique [Termes IGN] analyse spatiale [Termes IGN] carte de la végétation [Termes IGN] désertification [Termes IGN] détection de changement [Termes IGN] écologie [Termes IGN] image Landsat-TM [Termes IGN] Oran (Algérie) [Termes IGN] sable [Termes IGN] système d'information géographique Résumé : (Auteur) The Algerian steppe has become for a few years the theatre of an ecological and climatic imbalance. The intense degradation for this fragile medium (stranding wind erosion, overgrazing, clearing, salinisation, ...) inducing the turning into a desertification require a better comprehension in order to see how to fight against this plague and to adapt an adequate installation to him. Thus, this work lies within the scope of the follow-up of the phenomenon of the turning into a desertification on a space with the heart of the high Oranian southern steppe plains, in fact the area of Mecheria. Techniques of numerical cartography, since the satellite image processing until the geographic information systems (SIG) for the realization of the charts sets of themes, being able to highlight this calamity. The use of the approaches based on the exploitation of the satellite data multi dates (1998 & 2004) of the sensor Thematic Mapper (TM) of Landsat 5 permitted us to obtain a gathering of an interpretative photo maps and vegetation index which, in their turn, helped us to see the changes arrived in the medium, copiously regressive that progressive. Copyright SFPT Numéro de notice : A2007-397 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET/IMAGERIE Nature : Article DOI : sans En ligne : https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVI/part1/Papers/PS1-02.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=28760 [article]

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Automated sensor block adjustment and local satellite positioning: benefits and perspectives for mapping applications / A. Le Guellec in Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, n° 185 (Mars 2007)  

Public [article]  inRevue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection > n° 185 (Mars 2007) . - pp 31 - 38 Titre : Automated sensor block adjustment and local satellite positioning: benefits and perspectives for mapping applications Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : A. Le Guellec, Auteur Année de publication : 2007 Conférence : ISPRS 2006, Commission 1 Symposium, From sensors to imagery 03/07/2006 06/07/2006 Champs-sur-Marne [Paris Marne-la-Vallée] France OA ISPRS Archives Article en page(s) : pp 31 - 38 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Acquisition d'image(s) et de donnée(s) [Termes IGN] compensation par bloc [Termes IGN] données multisources [Termes IGN] géoréférencement direct [Termes IGN] GPS-INS [Termes IGN] image à très haute résolution [Termes IGN] image aérienne [Termes IGN] image SPOT 5 [Termes IGN] orbitographie par GNSS [Termes IGN] point d'appui [Termes IGN] précision géométrique (imagerie) Résumé : (Auteur) Rigorous satellite and airborne sensor models are nowadays commonly used to set accurate mapping applications trough accurate geodesy and ground cartography. Last decade improvement have enlightened the cartography community to the performance of such physical models to improve the map accuracy to a metric -or better- cartographic accuracy limit depending on the sensor type, math model robustness, ground control point quality and error dispersion control throughout the block adjustment of large image sets. Such operations allow to produce maps from high and very high resolutions sensors, optical and SAR in different contexts and for multiples applications such as urban mapping, rural land registration, precision farming... Nevertheless, this methodology still involves some limits in the case this is wether partly farther not possible to obtain a reliable enough positional ground reference associated to the mapping project. Various orbital and ground geodetic location systems are now commonly used among earth observation satellites, such as GPS and DORIS. Some recent experimental and operational works that uses an original methodology still based on a rigorous sensor model and the support of a robust block adjustment have proven the ability to recombine series of sensor images on several orbits or flight paths. These tied together with the preservation of the sensor model, its refined earth position and support of a reliable digital elevation model, allow to georeference image blocks based on the internal airborne / spaceborne ground coordinates processed by the operator trough the satellite positioning system. Such refined ground controls and a physical rigorous sensor model association now enables image block georeferencing to the ground with a final accuracy compatible enough with mapping standards even without reliable ground planimetric reference (GCP). Several mapping tests controlled with various aerial, optical and SAR satellite sensors, such as Ikonos, Quickbird, Orbview-3, Envisat ASAR and SPOT 5, the Vexcel UltraCAM-D digital airborne camera along with IMU and GPS, as well as ground reference sources have proven that such methodology and resulting processed imagery makes possible the use of high and very high resolution satellite imagery for a much wider application field, such as marine cartography, accurately geo-positioned defense imagery recognition on remote or not accessible locations. Our scope is precisely to determine which methodology used among those described sensors would apply to which case with error dispersion control capability or not, to validate such a mapping methodology and process, and finally foresee the possible applications field for the mapping industry. Copyright SFPT Numéro de notice : A2007-398 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Article DOI : sans En ligne : https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVI/part1/Papers/PS1-03.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=28761 [article]

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Applications of photogrammetric processing using an autonomous model helicopter / Henri Eisenbeiss in Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, n° 185 (Mars 2007)

Public [article]  inRevue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection > n° 185 (Mars 2007) . - pp 51 - 56 Titre : Applications of photogrammetric processing using an autonomous model helicopter Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Henri Eisenbeiss, Auteur Année de publication : 2007 Conférence : ISPRS 2006, Commission 1 Symposium, From sensors to imagery 03/07/2006 06/07/2006 Champs-sur-Marne [Paris Marne-la-Vallée] France OA ISPRS Archives Article en page(s) : pp 51 - 56 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Photogrammétrie numérique [Termes IGN] drone [Termes IGN] image aérienne [Termes IGN] maïs (céréale) [Termes IGN] modèle numérique de surface [Termes IGN] site archéologique [Termes IGN] topographie locale Résumé : (Auteur) Nowadays, mini UAV-systems receive more and more attention as photogrammetric image acquisition systems. Since mini UAVs are low cost systems, namely model helicopters or airplanes, the potential of various applications is very high. Therefore, in the paper a simplified workflow for photogrammetric processing of model helicopter imagery is described. Further on, two applications, which were conducted in the last two years at IGP (Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry), are presented in the paper. First the documentation of an archaeological site will be introduced and second a project dealing with the generation of an elevation model of a maize field is described. The results of the projects have shown that images taken with mini UAVs are well suited for an efficient documentation of small sites in a short time. Copyright SFPT Numéro de notice : A2007-399 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Article DOI : sans Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=28762 [article]

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Mobile mapping and autonomous vehicle navigation / Charles K. Toth in Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, n° 185 (Mars 2007)  

Public [article]  inRevue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection > n° 185 (Mars 2007) . - pp 57 - 61 Titre : Mobile mapping and autonomous vehicle navigation Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Charles K. Toth, Auteur ; E. Paska, Auteur Année de publication : 2007 Conférence : ISPRS 2006, Commission 1 Symposium, From sensors to imagery 03/07/2006 06/07/2006 Champs-sur-Marne [Paris Marne-la-Vallée] France OA ISPRS Archives Article en page(s) : pp 57 - 61 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Cartographie [Termes IGN] cartographie à la volée [Termes IGN] cartographie automatique [Termes IGN] modèle numérique de surface [Termes IGN] positionnement cinématique en temps réel [Termes IGN] positionnement par géodésie spatiale [Termes IGN] système de numérisation mobile [Termes IGN] temps réel [Termes IGN] traitement d'image [Termes IGN] véhicule sans pilote Résumé : (Auteur) Land-based Mobile Mapping Systems (MMS) are widely used in a variety of applications; these systems generally capture image data along the corridor the vehicle travels and the collected imagery gets processed offline. The output of a state-of-the-art MMS system includes a surface description, visualization data and an inventory of major objects positioned along the mapped corridor. This is exactly the information an autonomous vehicle needs for navigation, except that it is needed in real-time, and not only the static objects but the moving ones should be mapped too. The on-the-fly mapping of the vicinity of an autonomously navigated vehicle posed a formidable challenge for the participants of both DARPA Grand Challenges. This paper provides an analysis of the real-time mapping effort through the experiences of the Ohio State University Desert Buckeyes 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge autonomous off-road vehicle entry. Numéro de notice : A2007-400 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : sans En ligne : https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVI/part1/Papers/T08-36.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=28763 [article]

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Open-source software-operated CMOS camera for real-time mapping / Hervé Gontran in Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, n° 185 (Mars 2007)  

Public [article]  inRevue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection > n° 185 (Mars 2007) . - pp 73 - 77 Titre : Open-source software-operated CMOS camera for real-time mapping Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Hervé Gontran, Auteur ; Jan Skaloud, Auteur ; N. Janvier, Auteur Année de publication : 2007 Conférence : ISPRS 2006, Commission 1 Symposium, From sensors to imagery 03/07/2006 06/07/2006 Champs-sur-Marne [Paris Marne-la-Vallée] France OA ISPRS Archives Article en page(s) : pp 73 - 77 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Traitement d'image [Termes IGN] axe médian [Termes IGN] chambre CMOS [Termes IGN] extraction automatique [Termes IGN] extraction du réseau routier [Termes IGN] géoréférencement direct [Termes IGN] image vidéo [Termes IGN] logiciel libre [Termes IGN] prise de vue terrestre [Termes IGN] route [Termes IGN] système de numérisation mobile [Termes IGN] temps réel Résumé : (Auteur) Accurate time registration, georeferencing, and instantaneous feature extraction are important challenges for real-time mapping systems. The Geodetic Engineering Laboratory (TOPO) at the EPFL has designed a mobile platform to automatically determine the geometry of the road centerline: the Photobus. Our system fully exploits the concept of direct georeferencing by combining navigation data with video sequences grabbed by a downward-pointing camera. This paper presents the realization of the authors' vision of real-time mapping that encompasses a mobile acquisition platform dedicated for a well-defined task. To sustain the high performance requirements of such a data-critical application, the use of custom-made software based on open-source libraries is a preferred approach of implementation. In this context, we investigate the suitability of using a close-to-nadiral CMOS camera to extract the road geometry with a reliable and almost latency-free methodology. We will first focus on the frame-grabbing process for which an open-source approach guarantees the versatile integration of the camera into the mapping platform. The second part of the paper discusses the process of extracting and georeferencing features of interest in an automatic manner. To open perspectives, we will investigate an extension of the surveying capabilities of the Photobus with stereovision. Copyright SFPT Numéro de notice : A2007-401 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Article DOI : sans En ligne : https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVI/part1/Papers/T10-42.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=28764 [article]

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Towards a sub-decimetric georeferencing of ground-based mobile mapping systems in urban areas: matching ground-based and aerial-based imagery using roadmarks / Olivier Tournaire in Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, n° 185 (Mars 2007)    

Public [article]  contenu dans ISPRS Commission 1 Symposium 2006, Paris, Marne-la-Vallée, 3-6 Juillet 2006: Des capteurs à l'imagerie, vol 1. Proceedings / Alain Baudoin (2006)   inRevue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection > n° 185 (Mars 2007) . - pp 84 - 89 Titre : Towards a sub-decimetric georeferencing of ground-based mobile mapping systems in urban areas: matching ground-based and aerial-based imagery using roadmarks Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Olivier Tournaire , Auteur ; Bahman Soheilian , Auteur ; Nicolas Paparoditis , Auteur Année de publication : 2007 Conférence : ISPRS 2006, Commission 1 Symposium, From sensors to imagery 03/07/2006 06/07/2006 Champs-sur-Marne [Paris Marne-la-Vallée] France OA ISPRS Archives Article en page(s) : pp 84 - 89 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Photogrammétrie numérique [Termes IGN] appariement d'images [Termes IGN] base de données orientée objet [Termes IGN] géoréférencement [Termes IGN] image aérienne [Termes IGN] objet géographique 3D [Termes IGN] précision centimétrique [Termes IGN] relèvement photogrammétrique [Termes IGN] signalisation routière [Termes IGN] superposition d'images [Termes IGN] système de numérisation mobile [Termes IGN] zone urbaine Résumé : (Auteur) We propose a novel image-based strategy for a sub-decimetre quality georeferencing of Mobile Mapping Systems in urban areas. The presented approach uses very high resolution multiple-view calibrated aerial images to extract a database of 3D invariant objects, namely road marks. These objects are also extracted in 3D in the ground-based imagery and are matched with the aerial data source. These road features can then be used as Ground Control Objects for a photogrammetric resection to finely register the images of a terrestrial mobile mapping system. And the results in this paper will be shown on a "zebra crossing" road mark. Nevertheless, the process we describe could be applied to any other road mark. Copyright SFPT Numéro de notice : A2007-402 Affiliation des auteurs : MATIS (1993-2011) Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueNat DOI : sans En ligne : https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVI/part1/Papers/T10-45.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=28765 [article]

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Documents numériques

en open access Towards a sub-decimetric... - pdf editeur ISPRS Adobe Acrobat PDF

The potential of low-end imus for mobile mapping systems / A. Barsi in Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, n° 185 (Mars 2007)  

Public [article]  inRevue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection > n° 185 (Mars 2007) . - pp 91 - 94 Titre : The potential of low-end imus for mobile mapping systems Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : A. Barsi, Auteur ; T. Lovas, Auteur ; I. Kertesz, Auteur Année de publication : 2007 Conférence : ISPRS 2006, Commission 1 Symposium, From sensors to imagery 03/07/2006 06/07/2006 Champs-sur-Marne [Paris Marne-la-Vallée] France OA ISPRS Archives Article en page(s) : pp 91 - 94 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Acquisition d'image(s) et de donnée(s) [Termes IGN] acquisition de données [Termes IGN] centrale inertielle [Termes IGN] chaussée [Termes IGN] détection automatique [Termes IGN] filtre de Kalman [Termes IGN] GPS-INS [Termes IGN] Hongrie [Termes IGN] instrument de photogrammétrie [Termes IGN] réseau routier [Termes IGN] système de numérisation mobile Résumé : (Auteur) Due to the decreasing prices of the sensors and equipments, mobile mapping technologies are widely used even in the commercial area (e.g. transportation) in the 21st century. The road networks often cannot cope with the increased traffic load; moreover, the roads in bad condition reduce the overall capacity of a network. Pavement condition is a central aspect of road transportation infrastructure management, and is particularly highlighted in Hungary; the loss in travel time, the damage in vehicles results in significant indignation in society and gives an everyday topic for the actual political life. Scheduling road construction works requires effective monitoring of road conditions and the various components of a particular network have to be classified by quality. This paper introduces a complex road pavement measurement system designed primarily for pothole and crack detection. The system, installed in a vehicle is composed of a navigation unit, image acquisition module and a photogrammetric image-processing subsystem. The navigation unit consists of an integrated GPS/INS system; the trajectory and attitude of the vehicle at the required accuracy is provided by a Kalman filter. All the sensors and a high-speed computer are mounted on a pick-up. The low-end inertial measurement units (IMUs) have continued to improve in the last years, which broadened their application fields. The paper discusses the experimental results of the IMUs. First we compared the performance of two low-end IMUs on various road surfaces (wavy pavement, potholes etc.); secondly we analyzed their impact on the application. The obtained results have proved the potential of these types of sensors for this kind of road engineering applications. Copyright SFPT Numéro de notice : A2007-403 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Article DOI : sans En ligne : https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVI/part1/Papers/PS3-51.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=28766 [article]

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Application of mobile GIS and SDI for emergency management / A. Mobaraki in Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, n° 185 (Mars 2007)  

Public [article]  inRevue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection > n° 185 (Mars 2007) . - pp 95 - 100 Titre : Application of mobile GIS and SDI for emergency management Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : A. Mobaraki, Auteur ; Ali Mansourian, Auteur ; M. Malek, Auteur ; H. Mohammadi, Auteur Année de publication : 2007 Conférence : ISPRS 2006, Commission 1 Symposium, From sensors to imagery 03/07/2006 06/07/2006 Champs-sur-Marne [Paris Marne-la-Vallée] France OA ISPRS Archives Article en page(s) : pp 95 - 100 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Applications SIG [Termes IGN] gestion de crise [Termes IGN] infrastructure nationale des données localisées [Termes IGN] Iran [Termes IGN] modèle conceptuel de données localisées [Termes IGN] partage de données localisées [Termes IGN] SIG nomade [Termes IGN] Web Feature Service Résumé : (Auteur) Emergency management requires precise and reliable information about the current situation of emergency, existing sources and facilities, while more than 80% of this information has spatial component or location. Considering the urgent and time sensitive nature of emergency situations, it is necessary to collect and use spatial information of the current state of the emergency within the minimum waste of time. This will be achieved if in the context of a collaborative effort, each of the parties involved in emergency management, takes responsibilities for collecting some parts of spatial information required for emergency management and sharing them to be accessible for wider emergency management community. In this regard, Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is an appropriate framework to facilitate such collaboration in spatial data collection and sharing. Mansourian (2005) showed the improvement of emergency management by developing an SDI conceptual model and web-based GIS to facilitate spatial information management. Based on SDI framework for emergency management, field data collection and real time updating of Emergency Operation Center (EOC) on current emergency situation can be highly improved using Mobile GIS. Mobile GIS can also improve in-filed decision-making for emergency workers. Meanwhile, in order to use mobile GIS for emergency management, it is necessary to expand the developed SDI conceptual model to support Mobile GIS applications. This paper aims to address the role of Mobile GIS and SDI as an integrated framework for facilitating emergency management by improving field data collection and in-field decision-making. This is based on a research project which is ongoing in Iran. Numéro de notice : A2007-404 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : sans En ligne : https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVI/part1/Papers/PS3-50.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=28767 [article]

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