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Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques dans l’atmosphère terrestre / Jonathan Chenal (2016) 

Public Titre : Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques dans l’atmosphère terrestre : Cycle des Ingénieurs de Première Année Type de document : Guide/Manuel Auteurs : Jonathan Chenal , Auteur Editeur : Saint-Mandé : Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière - IGN (2012-) Année de publication : 2016 Collection : Publications techniques en géodésie Sous-collection : Cours et conférences num. 28570 Importance : 229 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Langues : Français (fre) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Physique [Termes IGN] analyse vectorielle [Termes IGN] atmosphère terrestre [Termes IGN] corps noir [Termes IGN] diffusion du rayonnement [Termes IGN] électromagnétisme [Termes IGN] onde électromagnétique [Termes IGN] radiométrie [Termes IGN] rayonnement électromagnétique [Termes IGN] réfraction atmosphérique [Termes IGN] transfert radiatif Index. décimale : 24.30 Rayonnement électromagnétique Résumé : (auteur) [avant-propos] [...] Ce cours est d’abord et avant tout un cours de physique du rayonnement, qui prend pour base l’électromagnétisme classique décrit par les équations de Maxwell, et jette les bases de l’électromagnétisme quantique nécessaires `a la compréhension des principaux phénomènes abordées. L’accent a été mis sur les démonstrations des résultats fondamentaux, qui permettent d’ancrer solidement les concepts sous-jacents aux notions abordées. Les applications traitées touchent, dans le cadre de ce document, `a l’astronomie, la géodésie, la topométrie et la télédétection, qui concernent directement les étudiants de l’ENSG, tout en permettant de les élargir `a d’autres domaines. Ainsi, tous les phénomènes liés `a la propagation du rayonnement dans l’atmosphère ne sont pas abordés ici. Note de contenu : Introduction Partie 1 Outils fondamentaux de l’électromagnétisme 1 Analyse vectorielle 2 Postulats de l’électromagnétisme Partie 2 Propriétés des ondes électromagnétiques 3 Ondes électromagnétiques 4 Radiométrie Partie 3 Interactions des ondes électromagnétiques avec la matière 5 Le corps noir : approche quantique de l’émission et de l’absorption des ondes électromagnétiques 6 Électromagnétisme des milieux 7 Diffusion et transfert radiatif Partie 4 Ondes électromagnétiques dans l’atmosphère 8 Propriétés de l’atmosphère terrestre 9 Réfraction et transfert radiatif atmosphérique 10 Observer dans et à travers l’atmosphère terrestre Conclusion Partie 5 Annexes 11 Exercices Numéro de notice : 17473 Affiliation des auteurs : IGN (2012-2019) Thématique : IMAGERIE/POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Manuel de cours IGN Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=89714

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Documents numériques

peut être téléchargé Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques dans l’atmosphère terrestre Adobe Acrobat PDF

Efficiently acquiring reflectance fields using patterned illumination / Gaurav Garg (2006)  

Public Titre : Efficiently acquiring reflectance fields using patterned illumination Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Gaurav Garg, Auteur Editeur : Californie [USA] : Stanford University Année de publication : 2006 Importance : 100 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Note générale : bibliographie A dissertation submitted to the department of electrical engineering and the committee on graduate studies of Stanford University in partiall fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Traitement d'image optique [Termes IGN] dispersion [Termes IGN] distribution du coefficient de réflexion bidirectionnelle BRDF [Termes IGN] données 4D [Termes IGN] éclairement lumineux [Termes IGN] flux lumineux [Termes IGN] matrice symétrique [Termes IGN] réflectance [Termes IGN] tenseur Index. décimale : 24.30 Rayonnement électromagnétique Résumé : (auteur) The use of the reflectance fields of real world objects to render realistic looking images is rapidly increasing. The reflectance field describes the transport of light between the light incident on an object and the light exitant from it. This has numerous applications in areas that include entertainment, cultural heritage, digital libraries and space exploration. The central problem with this approach is the lack of fast methods to acquire the reflectance field data. This dissertation addresses this problem and describes a system for acquiring the reflectance field of real world objects that performs many orders of magnitude faster than the previous approaches. The system models the 8D reflectance field as a transport matrix between the 4D incident light field and the 4D exitant light field. It is a challenging task to measure this matrix because of its large size. However, in some cases the matrix is sparse, e.g. in scenes with little or no inter-reflections. To measure such matrices, this thesis describes a hierarchical technique called dual photography which exploits this sparseness to parallelize the acquisition process. This technique, however, performs poorly for scenes with significant diffuse inter-reflections because in such cases the matrix is dense. Fortunately, in these cases the matrix is often data-sparse. Data-sparseness refers to the fact that sub-blocks of the matrix can be well approximated using low-rank representations. Additionally, the transport matrix is symmetric. Symmetry enables simultaneous measurements from both sides, rows and columns, of the transport matrix. These measurements are used to develop a hierarchical acquisition algorithm that can exploit the data-sparseness by a local rank-1 approximation. This technique, called symmetric photography, parallelizes the acquisition for dense but data-sparse transport matrices. In the process, this thesis introduces the use of hierarchical tensors as the underlying data structure to represent data-sparse matrices, specifically through local rank-1 factorizations of the transport matrix. Besides providing an efficient representation for storage, it enables fast acquisition of the approximated transport matrix and fast rendering of the images from the captured matrix. The prototype acquisition system consists of an array of mirrors and a pair of coaxial projector and camera controlled by a computer. The effectiveness of the system is demonstrated with scenes rendered from reflectance fields that were captured by this system. In these renderings one can change the viewpoint as well as relight objects using arbitrary incident light fields. Note de contenu : 1- Introduction 2- Reflectance Field as the Light Transport Matrix 3- Dual Photography 4- Hierarchical Tensors 5- Symmetric Photography 6- Conclusions and Future Work Numéro de notice : 24635 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Thèse étrangère Note de thèse : PhD Thesis : Electrical engineering : Stanford University : 2006 DOI : sans En ligne : https://graphics.stanford.edu/papers/ggaurav_thesis/ Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=92231

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Geodetic mobile solar spectrometer [GEMOSS] / Alexander Somieski (2005)  

Public Titre : Geodetic mobile solar spectrometer [GEMOSS] Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Alexander Somieski, Auteur Editeur : Zurich : Schweizerischen Geodatischen Kommission / Commission Géodésique Suisse Année de publication : 2005 Collection : Geodätisch-Geophysikalische Arbeiten in der Schweiz, ISSN 0257-1722 num. 68 Projets : Gavdos / Importance : 205 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-3-908440-11-6 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Rayonnement électromagnétique [Termes IGN] campagne d'expérimentation [Termes IGN] positionnement par GPS [Termes IGN] propagation troposphérique [Termes IGN] spectromètre [Termes IGN] spectroscopie [Termes IGN] teneur en vapeur d'eau [Termes IGN] troposphère Index. décimale : 24.30 Rayonnement électromagnétique Résumé : (Auteur) The goal of this work was to develop a portable prototype of a solar spectrometer for the determination of tropospheric water vapor with a high precision as needed for geodetic applications. It was realized in the construction of the "GEodetic MObile Solar Spectrometer" (GEMOSS), which allows the simultaneous measurement of numerous single vibrational-rotational absorption lines in the wide wavelength range between 728 nm and 915 nm. In order to achieve the wide wavelength range and the envisaged high measurement accuracy, a new optical layout of a high-resolution echelle spectrograph was applied. Furthermore, its instrumental characteristics were determined and considered in the analysis and simulation of the spectrum. Therefore, investigations were carried out concerning hardware requirements, appropriate spectral intervals, stabilization of the wavelength scale, determination of the apparatus function and stray light. In addition to the theoretical aspects of molecular absorption and emission in Earth's atmosphere, the meteorological model, ray tracing and the current state of molecular spectroscopie databases were examined. Furthermore, an algorithm for retrieving the integrated precipitable water vapor (PW) from GEMOSS spectra was developed. It is based on the "Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy" (DOAS) and includes the simulation of synthetic solar spectra. For the simulation the line strength parameters of H20 absorption lines were taken frorn the molecular spectroscopie database by the European Space Agency (ESA). Although the line strength parameters, which have a large impact on the accuracy of the simulated spectra and the retrieved PW, were improved during the last years, they still reveal significant errors. The wide spectral range of GEMOSS enables the accurate correction of those parameters using solar spectra measured at atmospheric conditions controlled by radiosonde soundings and a water vapor radiometer (WVR). For this purpose, a dedicated campaign was carried out at the meteorological station at Payerne (Switzerland) in May and June 2004. CEMOSS and a co-located WVR were deployed next to a Global Positioning Systern (GPS) receiver of the Automated GPS Network of Switzerland (AGNES). The acquired dataset was utilized to improve line strength parameters of 69 individual transitions of the H20 molecule between 732 mn and 906 nm. In order to validate the performance of GEMOSS, a long-term series of PW was acquired at ETH Hönggerberg where a permanent GPS station (AGNES) is operated. With the utilization of up to 40 selected H20 absorption lines measured at the same time, an accuracy of the PW of 0.5 kg/m can be achieved. The comparison between GEMOSS and GPS revealed that GPS over-estimated the PW during the summer 2003 by about 2-3 kg/m . The same discrepancies were observed at Payerne in 2004 by comparing the GPS results with GEMOSS, WVR and radiosondes. In the framework of the EU-project "GAVDOS", GEMOSS was operated under the track of the altimeter satellite Jason at Rethimnon (Crete, Greece) and at Fiskardo on the island of Kefalonia (Greece) in January and September in 2003. The highly precise PW measurements of GEMOSS were used to calibrate the on-board microwave radiometer of Jason (JMR). The integrated water vapor content which was simultaneously determined by GEMOSS and JMR agree at the 0.3-0.4 kg/m level. On the basis of these promising results GEMOSS can be considered as a novel portable tool for space-borne radiometer calibration and it will be deployed for further calibration of Jason in the future. Numéro de notice : 13265 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Thèse étrangère DOI : 10.3929/ethz-a-004930678 En ligne : https://www.sgc.ethz.ch/sgc-volumes/sgk-68.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=54946

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Troposphere modeling and filtering for precise GPS leveling / Frank Kleijer (2004)    

Public Titre : Troposphere modeling and filtering for precise GPS leveling Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Frank Kleijer, Auteur Editeur : Delft : Netherlands Geodetic Commission NGC Année de publication : 2004 Collection : Netherlands Geodetic Commission Publications on Geodesy, ISSN 0165-1706 num. 56 Importance : 262 p. Format : 17 x 24 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-90-6132-284-9 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Rayonnement électromagnétique [Termes IGN] correction troposphérique [Termes IGN] filtre de Kalman [Termes IGN] modèle stochastique [Termes IGN] nivellement par GPS [Termes IGN] positionnement par GNSS [Termes IGN] propagation troposphérique [Termes IGN] simulation [Termes IGN] traitement de données GNSS [Termes IGN] troposphère Index. décimale : 24.30 Rayonnement électromagnétique Résumé : (Auteur) Precision : In the Netherlands, a precision of 5 rnm for estimated GPS height differ ences is required to achieve comparable accuracy as geoid height differences. This precision can be achieved for 24-hour data sets when applying a proper modeling. Precise levelling with GPS requires a judicious modeling of tropospheric delays, which has physical, functional, and stochastic aspect. Modeling aspects : The physical modeling comprises zenith delays for the hydrostatic and wet component and zenith angle dependent mapping functions. Because the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere fluctuates widely and because the water-vapor aspect induced signal delays affect the height component strongly, a-priori modeling of these delays results in an insufficient precision of height differences. Parameterizing the tropospheric delay in the functional model is therefore necessary, at least for medium and long baselines. The observation model can further be strengthened by pseudo-observations. These pseudo-observations may be spatiotemporal constraints on tropospheric delay differences, or constraints on residual slant delays. With the latter type of constraint the isotropy assumption is loosened. An existing theoretical model is revised to obtain the corresponding covariance matrix. The stochastic modeling of both types of constraints is based on the assumption of Kohnogorov turbulence. Filtering : The observation models can be implemented in a recursive filter like the Kalman Filter or the SRIF Several variations of these filters are described. For fast computations the most suitable recursive filtering technique is the Kalman-Cholesky Filter with pre-elimination of temporal GPS parameters, such as clock errors and ionospheric delays. Some tests and reliability descriptions are worked out for this filter. For practical implementation the temporal behavior of the zenith wet delay is to be assumed a random-walk process, which gives a fair description. The zenith wet delay can be estimated every epoch or every pre-defined batch of epochs. Impact of model components : The effect of several model components on mainly the height is analyzed by simulation software. Special attention is given to the residual-slant-delay model because it is potentially precision and reliability improving. The impact of this model does however depend on the precision level of the observations and it still needs to be validated. Although observations to low-elevation satellites have a large contribution to the precision of the height, the residual-slant-delay model implies a strong down weighting of observations to satellites below ten degrees elevation. The highest accuracy can be obtained when the phase ambiguities are fixed. Even for long observation time spans this makes a difference of up effect on the formal precision of the height, but they have, a large influence on the precision of the filtered zenith delays. Because overconstraining (with constraints that are too tight) can have a large precision-deteriorating effect, spat iotemporal constraints are not recommended for GPS leveling. Further, short batches are preferred to avoid biases. To prevent the presence of near rank deficiencies, the zenith delays of one station are often fixed. From a precision point of view this is not necessary and is not recommended because this can also introduce biases. Even larger biases can be introduced when the zenith delays of all stations are fixed to their a-priori values. For very short baselines (< ±1 kin), this model is however justifiable because the formal precision improves considerately, keeping the effect of the biases in balance. to 15-20%. Batch size and spatiotemporal constraints turned out to have little effect on the formal precision of the height, but they have, a large influence on the precision of the filtered zenith delays. Because overconstraining (with constraints that are too tight) can have a large precision-deteriorating effect, spat iotemporal constraints are not recommended for GPS leveling. Further, short batches are preferred to avoid biases. To prevent the presence of near rank deficiencies, the zenith delays of one station are often fixed. From a precision point of view this is not necessary and is not recommended because this can also introduce biases. Even larger biases can be introduced when the zenith delays of all stations are fixed to their a-priori values. For very short baselines (< ±1 kin), this model is however justifiable because the formal precision improves considerately, keeping the effect of the biases in balance. Note de contenu : General introduction I) Troposphere delay modeling for space geodetic measurements Symbols and units in Part I 3 Introduction to Part I 4 Physics of the atmosphere 5 Zenith-delay models 6 Slant-delay models 7 Azimuthal asymmetry and gradient parameters 8 Conclusions of Part 1 A Temperature lapse rate B Saastamoinen integrals C Effective height Bibliography II) Paramerization of the tropospheric delay in GPS observation models Symbols of Part II 9 Introduction to Part II 10 GPS observation equations 11 Eliminating rank deficiencies in troposphere-fixed models 12 Troposphere-float and weighted models 13 Near rank deficiencies 14 Pre-elimination transformations 15 Conclusions of Part II III) Stochastic modeling of (slant) tropospheric delays observed by GPS Symbols of Part III 16 Introduction to Part III 17 Power-law processes 18 Stochastic modeling of troposphere constraints 19 Conclusions of Part III IV) Recursive GPS data processing Symbols of Part IV 20 Introduction to Part IV 21 Kalman filtering with pre-elimination 22 Pre-elimination in a recursive SRIF 23 Implementation aspects 24 Condition equations, testing, and reliability 25 Conclusions of Part IV V) Simulations Symbols of Part V 26 Introduction to Part V 27 Software implementation 28 Means of quality assessment 29 Simulation scenarios 30 The troposphere-fixed model 31 Conclusions of Part V 32 Conclusions and recommendations Numéro de notice : 16056 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Thèse étrangère En ligne : https://ncgeo.nl/downloads/56Kleijer.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=55149

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Documents numériques

en open access Troposphere modeling and filtering Adobe Acrobat PDF

Mehrdimensionale Interpolation von Meteorologischen Feldern zur Berechnung der Brechungsbedingungen in der Geodäsie / Hans Arnold Hirter (1998)  

Public Titre : Mehrdimensionale Interpolation von Meteorologischen Feldern zur Berechnung der Brechungsbedingungen in der Geodäsie Titre original : [Interpolation multidimensionnelle de campagnes météorologiques pour le calcul des modalités de la réfraction en géodésie] Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Hans Arnold Hirter, Auteur Editeur : Zurich : Institut für Geodäsie und Photogrammetrie IGP - ETH Année de publication : 1998 Collection : IGP Mitteilungen, ISSN 0252-9335 num. 064 Importance : 116 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-3-906467-11-5 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Allemand (ger) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Rayonnement électromagnétique [Termes IGN] collocation [Termes IGN] correction troposphérique [Termes IGN] covariance [Termes IGN] interpolation [Termes IGN] propagation troposphérique [Termes IGN] réfraction [Termes IGN] réfraction atmosphérique [Termes IGN] signal GPS Index. décimale : 24.30 Rayonnement électromagnétique Résumé : (Auteur) The refractive effects in geodetic applications are known as unpleasant sources of errors. Microwave sources, as being used with Global Positioning System (GPS) are subjected to the physical laws of refraction when traversing the atmosphere. There are two methods to reduce the tropospheric error: The first is modeling the atmospheric effects and the second is to estimate the tropospheric parameters. Here we focus our attention on modeling of the troposphere. The magnitude of the effects depends upon the index of refraction and its spatial distribution as well as its temporal fluctuation. The index of refraction depends upon the frequency of the electromagnetic measuring beam and the actual state of the troposphere being relevant to refraction. The index of refraction can be described by the meteorological magnitudes such as pressure, temperature and humidity. If the refractive relationships are known respectively the values of the pressure, temperature and humidity alongside the entire beam the Path Delay can be determined for the latter. For calculating the Path Delay at an arbitrary location and arbitrary time the discrete meteorological data being sampled has to be inter- respectively extrapolated. Precisely this fact is being taken into account by the method of Krigings or Collocation. On the basis of arbitrarily distributed samples acquired in space and time, the collocation permits to execute a 4-dimensional modeling by taking into account simple approximated physical models. The deviation from this approximation is explained by the functional model with two stochastic segments (signal and noise). The physical model is adapted optimally to the measured values by the collocation. The zenith Path Delays (in the order of 2 m) calculated with the model can be inserted directly into the evaluation software of the GPS. As opposed to the standard models, the GPS-evaluation with Path Delays yields more consistent solutions which imply that the variance of the GPS solution is being reduced. Using the modeled Path Delays in the local Turtmann GPS testing-network with large height-differences, the repeatability of the height measurements is significantly increased (up to a factor of 2). Numéro de notice : 67046 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Thèse étrangère DOI : 10.3929/ethz-a-001591486 En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-001591486 Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=61689

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67046-02	24.30	Livre	Centre de documentation	Physique	Disponible

Introduction to radiometry and photometry / W.R. Mccluney (1994)

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Wave scattering from rough surfaces / A.G. Voronovich (1994)

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Propagation des rayonnements électromagnétiques dans l'atmosphère / Michel Kasser (1993)

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Propagation des rayonnements électromagnétiques / Michel Kasser (1991)

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Radiation exchange / J.H. Taylor (1990)

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Ondes électromagnétiques en radioélectricité et en optique / Robert Petit (1989)

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Albedo, réflectance / Robert Bariou (1985)

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L'atmosphère / Robert Bariou (1985)

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Le rayonnement électro-magnétique / Robert Bariou (1985)

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Satellite-Earth range measurements : Correction of the excess path length due to atmospheric water vapour by ground based microwave radiometry / Gunnar Elgered (1985)

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