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Accuracy analysis for DSM and orthoimages derived from SPOT HRS stereo data using direct georeferencing / Peter Reinartz in ISPRS Journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing, vol 60 n° 3 (May 2006)  

Public [article]  inISPRS Journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing > vol 60 n° 3 (May 2006) . - pp 160 - 169 Titre : Accuracy analysis for DSM and orthoimages derived from SPOT HRS stereo data using direct georeferencing Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Peter Reinartz, Auteur ; Rupert Müller, Auteur ; Manfred Lehner, Auteur ; Manfred Schroeder, Auteur Année de publication : 2006 Article en page(s) : pp 160 - 169 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Photogrammétrie spatiale [Termes IGN] caméra numérique [Termes IGN] couple stéréoscopique [Termes IGN] géoréférencement direct [Termes IGN] image MOMS-2P [Termes IGN] image SPOT-HRS [Termes IGN] modèle numérique de surface [Termes IGN] orientation du capteur [Termes IGN] orthoimage [Termes IGN] point d'appui [Termes IGN] points homologues [Termes IGN] précision du positionnement Résumé : (Auteur) During the HRS (High Resolution Stereo) Scientific Assessment Program the French space agency CNES delivered data sets from the HRS camera System with high precision ancillary data. Two test data sets from this program were evaluated: one is located in Germany, the other in Spain. The first goal was to derive orthoimages and digital surface models (DSM) from the along track stereo data by applying the rigorous model with direct georeferencing and without ground control points (GCPs). For the derivation of DSM, the stereo processing software, developed at DLR for the MOMS-2P three line stereo camera was used. As a first step, the interior and exterior orientation of the camera, delivered as ancillary data from positioning and attitude Systems were extracted. A dense image matching, using nearly all pixels as kernel centers provided the parallaxes. The quality of the stereo lie points was controlled by forward and backward matching of the two stereo partners using the local least squares matching method. Forward intersection lead to points in object space which are subsequently interpolated to a DSM in a regular grid. DEM filtering methods were also applied and evaluations carried out differentiating between accuracies in forest and other areas. Additionally, orthoimages were generated from the images of the two stereo looking directions. The orthoimage and DSM accuracy was determined by using GCPs and available reference DEMs of superior accuracy (DEM derived from laser data and/or classical airborne photogrammetry). As expected the results obtained without using GCPs showed a bias in the order of 5-20 m to the reference data for ail three coordinates. By image matching it could be shown that the two independently derived orthoimages exhibit a very constant shift behaviour. In a second step few GCPs (3-4) were used to calculate bore-sight alignment angles, introduced into the direct georeferencing process of each image independently. This method improved the absolute accuracy of the resulting orthoimages and DSM significantly. Copyright ISPRS Numéro de notice : A2006-227 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2005.12.003 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2005.12.003 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27954 [article]

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Modelling of spaceborne linear array sensors / Daniela Poli (2005)  

Public Titre : Modelling of spaceborne linear array sensors Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Daniela Poli, Auteur Editeur : Zurich : Institut für Geodäsie und Photogrammetrie IGP - ETH Année de publication : 2005 Collection : IGP Mitteilungen, ISSN 0252-9335 num. 85 Importance : 204 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-3-906467-50-4 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Acquisition d'image(s) et de donnée(s) [Termes IGN] auto-étalonnage [Termes IGN] C (langage) [Termes IGN] capteur aérien [Termes IGN] capteur en peigne [Termes IGN] capteur spatial [Termes IGN] chambre DTC [Termes IGN] compensation par faisceaux [Termes IGN] géométrie de l'image [Termes IGN] géoréférencement direct [Termes IGN] géoréférencement indirect [Termes IGN] GPS-INS [Termes IGN] image EROS [Termes IGN] image MOMS-2P [Termes IGN] image SPOT-HRS [Termes IGN] image Terra-ASTER [Termes IGN] image Terra-MISR [Termes IGN] modèle géométrique de prise de vue [Termes IGN] modèle mathématique [Termes IGN] modèle par fonctions rationnelles [Termes IGN] modèle stéréoscopique [Termes IGN] orientation du capteur [Termes IGN] orientation externe [Termes IGN] orientation interne [Termes IGN] point d'appui [Termes IGN] point de vérification [Termes IGN] points homologues Index. décimale : 35.11 Géométrie et qualité des prises de vues Résumé : (Auteur) The topic of this research is the development of a mathematical model for the georeferencing of imagery acquired by multi-line CCD array sensors, carried on air- or spacecraft. Linear array sensors are digital optical cameras widely used for the acquisition of panchromatic and multispectral images in pushbroom mode with spatial resolution ranging from few centimeters (airborne sensors) up to hundreds meters (spaceborne sensors). The images have very high potentials for photogrammetric mapping at different scales and for remote sensing applications. For example, they can be used for the generation of Digital Elevation Models (DEM), that represent an important basis for the creation of Geographic Information Systems, and the production of 3D texture models for visualization and animation purposes. In the classical photogrammetric chain that starts from the radiometric preprocessing of the raw images and goes to the generation of products like the DEMs, the orientation of the images is a fundamental step and its accuracy is a crucial issue during the evaluation of the entire system. For pushbroom sensors, the triangulation and photogrammetric point determination are rather different compared to the standard approaches for full frame imagery and require special investigations on the sensor geometry and the acquisition mode. Today various models based on different approaches have been developed, but few of them are rigorous and can be used for a wide class of pushbroom sensors. In general a rigorous sensor model aims to describe the relationship between image and ground coordinates, according to the physical properties of the image acquisition. The functional model is based on the collinearity equations. The sensor model presented in this thesis had to fulfil the requirement of being rigorous and at the same time as flexible as possible and adaptable to a wide class of linear array sensors. In fact pushbroom scanners in use show different geometric characteristics (optical systems, number of CCD lines, scanning mode, stereoscopy) and for each data set specific information are available (ephemeris, GPS/INS observations, calibration, other internal parameters). Therefore the model needs to be dependent on a certain number of parameters that may change for each sensor. According to the availability of information on the sensor internal and external orientation, the proposed model includes two different orientation approaches. The first one, the direct georeferencing one, is based on the estimations of the ground coordinates of the points measured in the images through a forward intersection, using the external orientation provided by GPS and INS instruments or interpolated by ephemeris or computed using the orbital parameters (satellite case). This approach does not require any ground control points, except for final checking, and does not estimate any additional parameters for the correction of the interior and exterior orientation. For this reason, the accuracy of this method depends on the accuracy of the external and internal orientation data. The alternative orientation method, based on indirect georeferencing, is used if the sensor external and internal orientation is not available or not enough accurate for high-precision photograrnmetric mapping. This approach is a self-calibrating bundle adjustment. The sensor position and attitude are modelled with 2nd order piecewise polynomial functions (PPM) depending on time. Constraints on the segment borders assure the continuity of the functions, together with their first and second derivatives. Using pseudo-observations on the PPM parameters, the polynomial degree can be reduced to one (linear functions) or even to zero (constant functions). If GPS and INS are available, they are integrated in the PPM. For the self-calibration, additional parameters (APs) are used to model the lens internal parameters and distortions and the linear arrays displacements in the focal plane. The parameters modelling the internal and external orientation, together with the ground coordinates of tie and control points, are estimated through a least-squares bundle adjustment using well distributed ground control points. The use of pseudo-observations allows the user to run the adjustment fixing any unknown parameters to certain values. This option is very useful not only for the external orientation modelling, but also for the analysis of the single self-calibration parameter's influence. The weights for the observations and pseudo-observations are determined according to the measurement accuracy. A blunder detection procedure is integrated for the automatic detection of wrong image coordinate measurement. The adjustment results are analyzed in terms of internal and external accuracy. The APs to be estimated are chosen according to their correlations with the other unknown parameters (ground coordinates of tie points and PPM parameters). A software has been developed under Unix environment in C language. The flexibility of the model has been proved by testing it on MOMS-2P, SPOT-5/HRS, ASTER, MISR and EROS-A1 stereo images. These sensors have different characteristics (single-lens and multi-lens optical systems, various number of linear arrays, synchronous and asynchronous acquisition modes), covering a wide range of possible acquisition geometries. For each dataset both the direct and indirect models have been used and in all cases the direct georeferencing was not accurate enough for high accurate mapping. The indirect model has been applied with different ground control points distributions (when possible), varying the PPM configurations (number of segments, polynomials degree) and with and without self-calibration. Excluding EROS-A1, all the imagery has been oriented with sub-pixels accuracy in the check points using a minimum of 6 ground control points. In case of EROS-A1, an accuracy in the range of I to 2 pixels has been achieved, due the lack of information on the geometry of the sensor asynchronous acquisition. For the ASTER and SPOT-5/HRS datasets, a DEM has also been generated and compared to some reference DEMs. New cameras can be easily integrated in the model, because the required sensor information are accessible in literature as well as in the web. If no information on the sensor internal orientation is available, the model supposes that the CCD lines are parallel to each other in the focal plane and perpendicular to the flight direction and estimates any systematic error through the self-calibration. The satellite's position and velocity vectors, usually contained in the ephemeris, are required in order to compute the initial approximations for the PPM parameters. If this information is not available, the Keplerian elements can be used to estimate the nominal trajectory. For pushbroom scanners carried on airplane or helicopter the GPS and INS measurements are indispensable, due to the un-predictability of the trajectory. Note de contenu : 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. REVIEW OF EXISTING MODELS 1.2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 1.3. OUTLINE 2. LINEAR CCD ARRAY SENSORS 2.1. SOLIDSTATE TECHNOLOGY 2.2. ARRAY GEOMETRIES 2.2. 1. Linear arrays 2.2.2. Other geometries 2.3. IMAGING SYSTEM 2.4. SENSOR CALIBRATION 2.4.1. Errors in CCD lines 2.4.2. Lens distortions 2.4.3. Laboratory calibration 2.5. STEREO ACQUISITION 2.5.1. Acrosstrack 2.5.2. Alongtrack 2.6. PLATFORMS 2.6.1. Satellite platforms 2.6.2. Airborne and helicopter platforms 2.7. IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS 2.7.1. Spatial resolution 2.7.2. Radiometric resolution 2.7.3. Spectral resolution 2.7.4. Temporal resolution 2.8. PROCESSING LEVELS 2.9. LIST OF LINEAR ARRAY SENSORS 2.10. CONCLUSIONS 3. DIRECT GEOREFERENCING 3.1. EXTERNAL ORIENTATION FROM GPS/INS 3.1.1. Background 3.1.2. GPS system 3.1.3. INS system 3.1.4. GPS/INS integration 3.1.5. Commercial systems 3.2. EXTERNAL ORIENTATION FROM EPHEMERIS 3.2.1. Orientation with Keplerian elements 3.2.2. Orientation from state vectors 3.2.3. Interpolation between reference lines 3.3. DIRECT GEOREFERENCING 3.3.1. From image to camera coordinates 3.3.2. From camera to ground coordinates 3.3.3. Estimation of approximate ground coordinates 3.3.4. Refinement 3.4. SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON GPS/INS MEASUREMENTS 3.5. ACCURACY EVALUATION 3.6. CONCLUSIONS 4. INDIRECT GEOREFERENCING 4.1. ALGORITHM OVERVIEW 4.2. EXTENTION TO MULTILENS SENSORS 4.3. EXTERNAL ORIENTATION MODELLING 4.3.1. Integration of GPS/INS observations 4.3.2. Function continuity 4.3.3. Reduction of polynomial order 4.4.SELFCALIBRATION 4.5. OBSERVATION EQUATIONS 4.5.1. Image coordinates 4.5.2. External orientation parameters 4.5.3. Selfcalibration parameters 4.5.4. Ground control points 4.6. LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT 4.6.1. Theory of least squares adjustment 4.6.2. Linearization 4.6.3. Design matrix construction 4.6.4. Solution of linear system 4.7. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS 4.7.1. Internal accuracy 4.7.2. RMSE calculations 4.7.3. Correlations 4.7.4. Blunder detection 4.8. FORWARD INTERSECTION 4.9. SUMMARY AND COMMENTS 5. PREPROCESSING 5.1. METADATA FILES FORMATS 5.2. INFORMATION EXTRACTION FROM METADATA FILES 5.3. RADIOMETRIC PREPROCESSING 5.3.1. Standard algorithms 5.3.2. Adhoc filters 6. APPLICATIONS 6.1. WORKFLOW 6.2. MOMS02 6.2.1. Sensor description 6.2.2. Data description 6.2.3. Preprocessing 6.2.4. Image orientation 6.2.5. Summary and conclusions 6.3. SPOT5/HRS 6.3.1. Sensor description 6.3.2. Data description 6.3.3. Preprocessing 6.3.4. Image orientation 6.3.5. DEM generation 6.3.6. Comparison 6.3.7. Summary and conclusions 6.4 ASTER 6.4.1. Sensor description 6.4.2. Data description 6.4.3. Preprocessing 6.4.4. Images orientation 6.4.5. DEM generation 6.4.6. Comparison with reference DEMs 6.4.7. Summary and conclusions 6.5 MISR 6.5.1. Sensor description 6.5.2. Data description 6.5.3. Preprocessing 6.5.4. Image orientation 6.5.5. Summary and conclusions 6.6 EROS-A1 6.6.1. Sensor description 6.6.2. Data description and Preprocessing 6.6.3. Image orientation 6.6.4. Summary and conclusions 7. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK 7.1 CONCLUSION 7.2 OUTLOOK Numéro de notice : 13260 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Thèse étrangère DOI : 10.3929/ethz-a-004946341 En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-004946341 Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=54943

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Photogrammetrische Punktbestimmung mit Bilddaten digitaler Dreizeilenkameras / F. Muller (1991)

Public Titre : Photogrammetrische Punktbestimmung mit Bilddaten digitaler Dreizeilenkameras Titre original : [Détermination photogrammétrique du point avec des images de caméras numériques à trois barrettes] Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : F. Muller, Auteur Editeur : Munich : Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften Année de publication : 1991 Collection : DGK - C Sous-collection : Dissertationen num. 372 Importance : 82 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 3-7696-9419-7 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Allemand (ger) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Photogrammétrie numérique [Termes IGN] application informatique [Termes IGN] couple stéréoscopique [Termes IGN] image MOMS-2P [Termes IGN] image optique [Termes IGN] modèle mathématique [Termes IGN] orientation externe Index. décimale : 33.30 Photogrammétrie numérique Résumé : (Auteur) Digital image recording from aircraft or satellite using opto-electronic linear-array scanners is a promising techno-logy for photogrammetric applications. The earth surface is scanned with one or more linear CCD-sensors, which are oriented perpendicular to the direction of flight. Simultaneous image recording with three linear arrays allows for along-track, three-fold stereoscopy and enables a rigorous three-dimensional evaluation of the image data. The increasing importance of the three-line imaging technique is emphasized by several Systems, which are currently in development. In this thesis, geometrical aspects of object point determination and reconstruction of the exterior orientation with digital imagery of three-line scanner Systems are investigated and the accuracy potential of three-line image data is outlined. The mathematical model is interpreted as a special case of generalized combined point determination, which is able to process both image coordinates of frame photographs and linear-array imagery. In a review, optical imaging sensors used in aerial photogrammetry and remote sensing are summarized, followed by a list of linear-array sensor based cameras, which work according to the push-broom principle. Next, digital three-line scanners and related projects and missions are described. Within the process of dynamic photogrammetry, reaching from image recording to object reconstruction, the mathematical model of point determination is explained in detail. The integration of general control- and object information is shown and the procedure for the computation of theoretical accuracy values is treated. The investigations are based to a great amount on project oriented computer simulations. The dependence of the accuracy of point determination on photogrammetric parameters (e.g. design of the camera, flight arrangement) and non-photogrammetric parameters (e.g. use of data from navigation Systems) is outlined. Finally, a practical application based on three-line imagery is given and the obtained results are discussed. Numéro de notice : 28098 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Thèse étrangère Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=63445

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