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What does height really mean? Part 4 GPS heighting / Thomas H. Meyer in Surveying and land information science, vol 66 n° 3 (01/09/2006)

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[article]
inSurveying and land information science > vol 66 n° 3 (01/09/2006) . - pp 165 - 183

Titre :	What does height really mean? Part 4 GPS heighting
Type de document :	Article/Communication
Auteurs :	Thomas H. Meyer, Auteur ; D.R. Roman, Auteur ; David B. Zilkoski, Auteur
Année de publication :	2006
Article en page(s) :	pp 165 - 183
Note générale :	Bibliographie
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Descripteur :	[Vedettes matières IGN] Géodésie physique [Termes IGN] ellipsoïde (géodésie) [Termes IGN] géoïde altimétrique [Termes IGN] hauteur ellipsoïdale [Termes IGN] nivellement par GPS [Termes IGN] précision des données
Résumé :	(Auteur) This is the final paper in a four-part series examining the fundamental question, “What does the word height really mean?” The creation of this series was motivated by the National Geodetic Survey’s (NGS) embarking on a height modernization program as a result of which NGS will publish measured ellipsoid heights and computed Helmert orthometric heights for vertical bench marks. Practicing surveyors will therefore encounter Helmert orthometric heights computed from Global Positioning System (GPS) ellipsoid heights and geoid heights determined from geoid models as their published vertical control coordinate, rather than adjusted orthometric heights determined by spirit leveling. It is our goal to explain the meanings of these terms in hopes of eliminating confusion and preventing mistakes that may arise over this change. The first paper in the series reviewed reference ellipsoids and mean sea level datums. The second paper reviewed the physics of heights culminating in a simple development of the geoid in order to explain why mean sea level stations are not all at the same orthometric height. The third paper introduced orthometric heights, geopotential numbers, dynamic heights, normal heights, and height systems. This fourth paper is composed of two sections. The first considers the stability of the geoid as a datum. The second is a review of current best practices for heights measured with the Global Positioning System (GPS), essentially taking the form of a commentary on NGS’ guidelines for high-accuracy ellipsoid and orthometric height determination using GPS. Copyright SaLIS
Numéro de notice :	A2006-582
Affiliation des auteurs :	non IGN
Thématique :	POSITIONNEMENT
Nature :	Article
DOI :	sans
Permalink :	https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=28305

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What does height really mean? Part 3 height systems / Thomas H. Meyer in Surveying and land information science, vol 66 n° 2 (01/09/2006)

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[article]
inSurveying and land information science > vol 66 n° 2 (01/09/2006) . - pp 149 - 160

Titre :	What does height really mean? Part 3 height systems
Type de document :	Article/Communication
Auteurs :	Thomas H. Meyer, Auteur ; D.R. Roman, Auteur ; David B. Zilkoski, Auteur
Année de publication :	2006
Article en page(s) :	pp 149 - 160
Note générale :	Bibliographie
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Descripteur :	[Vedettes matières IGN] Géodésie [Termes IGN] altitude dynamique [Termes IGN] altitude normale [Termes IGN] altitude orthométrique [Termes IGN] cote géopotentielle [Termes IGN] géoïde [Termes IGN] hauteur ellipsoïdale [Termes IGN] North American Vertical Datum 1988
Résumé :	(Auteur) This is the third paper in a four-part series considering the fundamental question, “what does the word “height” really mean?” The first paper reviewed reference ellipsoids and mean sea level datums. The second paper reviewed the physics of heights culminating in a simple development of the geoid and explained why mean sea level stations are not all at the same orthometric height. This third paper develops the principle notions of height, namely measured, differentially deduced changes in elevation, orthometric heights, Helmert orthometric heights, normal orthometric heights, dynamic heights, and geopotential numbers. We conclude with a more in-depth discussion of current thoughts regarding the geoid. Copyright SaLIS
Numéro de notice :	A2006-471
Affiliation des auteurs :	non IGN
Thématique :	POSITIONNEMENT
Nature :	Article
DOI :	sans
Permalink :	https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=28195

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What does height really mean? Part 2: physics and gravity / Thomas H. Meyer in Surveying and land information science, vol 65 n° 1 (01/03/2005)

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[article]
inSurveying and land information science > vol 65 n° 1 (01/03/2005) . - pp 5 - 15

Titre :	What does height really mean? Part 2: physics and gravity
Type de document :	Article/Communication
Auteurs :	Thomas H. Meyer, Auteur ; D.R. Roman, Auteur ; David B. Zilkoski, Auteur
Année de publication :	2005
Article en page(s) :	pp 5 - 15
Note générale :	Bibliographie
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Descripteur :	[Vedettes matières IGN] Géodésie physique [Termes IGN] altitude [Termes IGN] ellipsoïde (géodésie) [Termes IGN] force de gravitation [Termes IGN] géoïde [Termes IGN] gravimétrie [Termes IGN] niveau moyen des mers [Termes IGN] nivellement par GPS [Termes IGN] potentiel de pesanteur terrestre
Résumé :	(Auteur) This is the second paper in a four-part series considering the fundamental question, "what does the word height really mean ?" The first paper in this series explained that a change in National Geodetic Survey's policy, coupIed with the modern realities of GPS surveving, have essentially forced practicing surveyors to come to grips with the myriad of height definitions that previously were the sole concern of geodesists. The distinctions between local and equipotential ellipsoids were considered, along with an introduction to mean sea level. This paper brings these ideas foward by explaining mean sea level and, more importantly, the geoid. The discussion is grounded in physics from which gravitational force and potential energy will be considered, leading to a simple derivation of the shape of the Earth's gravity field. This lays the foundation for a simplistic model of the geoid near Mt. Everest, which will be used to explain the undulations in the geoid across the entire Earth. The terms geoid, plumb line, potential, equipotential surface, geopotential number and mean sea level will be explained, including a discussion of why mean sea level is not everywhere the same height, why it is not a level surface.
Numéro de notice :	A2005-280
Affiliation des auteurs :	non IGN
Thématique :	POSITIONNEMENT
Nature :	Article
DOI :	sans
Permalink :	https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27416

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What does height really mean? Part 1: Introduction / Thomas H. Meyer in Surveying and land information science, vol 64 n° 4 (01/12/2004)

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[article]
inSurveying and land information science > vol 64 n° 4 (01/12/2004) . - pp 223 - 233

Titre :	What does height really mean? Part 1: Introduction
Type de document :	Article/Communication
Auteurs :	Thomas H. Meyer, Auteur ; D.R. Roman, Auteur ; David B. Zilkoski, Auteur
Année de publication :	2004
Article en page(s) :	pp 223 - 233
Note générale :	Bibliographie
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Descripteur :	[Vedettes matières IGN] Géodésie physique [Termes IGN] altitude orthométrique [Termes IGN] ellipsoïde de référence [Termes IGN] gravimétrie [Termes IGN] hauteur ellipsoïdale [Termes IGN] niveau moyen des mers [Termes IGN] nivellement [Termes IGN] point d'appui [Termes IGN] réseau géodésique [Termes IGN] terminologie
Résumé :	(Auteur) This is the first paper in a four-part series considering the fundamental question, "What does the word height really mean ? " National Geodetic Survey (NGS) is embarking on a height modernization program in which, in the future, it will not necessary for NGS to create new or maintain old orthometric height benchmarks. In their stead, NGS will publish measured ellipsoid heights and computed Helmert orthometric heihgts for survey markers. Consequently, practicing surveyors will soon be confronted with coping with these changes and differences between these types of height. Indeed, although "height" is commonly used word, an exact definition of it can be difficult to find. These article will explore the various meanings of height as used in surveying and geodesy and present a precise definition that is based on the physic of gravitational potential, along current best practices for using survey-grade GPS equipement for height measurement. Our goal is to review these basic concepts so that surveyors can avoid potential pitfalls that may be created by the new NGS height control era. The first paper reviews reference ellipsoids and mean sea level datums. The second paper reviews the physics of heights culminating in a simple development of the geoid and explains why mean sea level station are not all the same orthometric height. The third paper introduces geopotential numbers and dynamic heights, explains the correction needed to account for the non-parallelism of equipotential surfaces, and discusses how these correction were used in NAVD 88. The fouth paper presents a review of current best practices for heights measured with GPS.
Numéro de notice :	A2004-610
Affiliation des auteurs :	non IGN
Thématique :	POSITIONNEMENT
Nature :	Article
DOI :	sans
Permalink :	https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27126

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