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Termes IGN > sciences naturelles > sciences de la vie > biologie > botanique > botanique systématique
botanique systématique
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Botanique -- Classification, Botanique -- Taxinomie, Botanique -- Taxonomie, Classification botanique, Plantes -- Taxinomie, Plantes -- Taxonomie, Systématique (botanique), Taxinomie (botanique), Taxinomie végétale, Taxonomie (botanique), Taxonomie végétale. Equiv. LCSH : Plants -- Classification. Domaine(s) : 570; 580. Synonyme(s)taxinomie végétale classification botanique |
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Titre : To die or not to die: Forest dynamics in Switzerland under climate change Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Nicolas Bircher, Auteur Editeur : Zurich : Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule ETH - Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Zurich EPFZ Année de publication : 2015 Collection : Dissertationen ETH num. 22775 Importance : 188 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Note générale : bibliographie
A thesis submitted to attain the degree of doctor of sciences of ETH ZurichLangues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] composition floristique
[Termes IGN] dynamique de la végétation
[Termes IGN] forêt alpestre
[Termes IGN] inventaire forestier étranger (données)
[Termes IGN] modèle dynamique
[Termes IGN] Picea abies
[Termes IGN] série temporelle
[Termes IGN] structure d'un peuplement forestier
[Termes IGN] Suisse
[Vedettes matières IGN] Végétation et changement climatiqueRésumé : (auteur) A high diversity of forest ecosystems is found around the globe providing various ecosystem services to humans. Responses of forests to recent increases of drought events have given rise to serious concerns about future forest development. Since anthropogenic climate change is proceeding at an unprecedented rate, the forestry sector is challenged to swiftly develop and plan adaptive management measures that guarantee the sustainable provision of forest ecosystem services in the future. The planning of management strategies is strongly dependent on reliable knowledge on future forest dynamics. To this end, the Swiss government has launched an extensive research program to examine the impact of climate change on Swiss forests. One aim among others is to assess the sensitivity of common forest types of Switzerland to climate change.
Dynamic vegetation models (DVMs) are suitable to provide quantitative assessments of forest sensitivity to climate change, as their flexibility allows considering dynamic vegetation transitions under conditions that do not represent a steady state. Among DVMs, forest gap models portray long-term forest dynamics at the stand scale taking biotic interactions such as competition into account. Recent integration of sophisticated management techniques has substantially extended their range of application from unmanaged to complex mixed-species forests under management, thus making them interesting tools for the assessment of climate change impacts on forest ecosystems. However, forest gap models integrate a large number of ecological processes that still lack an empirical base. This is particularly true for tree mortality – a key demographic process in forest dynamics – where increasing empirical research has been followed by little action in DVMs. Thus, although it is widely acknowledged that empirical functions should be integrated into DVMs to enhance ecological realism, little is known about whet her this approach leads to an increased robustness of model projections.
Given this background, my thesis includes two major objectives: 1) to examine the potential of empirical mortality functions in dynamic vegetation models and 2) to assess the sensitivity of common Swiss forests to climate change.
In Chapter 1 of this thesis, I implemented an inventory- and a tree-ring based mortality function in the forest gap model ForClim and combined them with a stochastic and a deterministic approach for the determination of tree status (alive vs. dead). These four new model versions were tested for two Norway spruces stands, one of which was managed (inventory time series of 72 years) and the other was unmanaged (41 years). Furthermore, I ran long-term simulations (~400 years) into the future to test model behavior under three climate scenarios. I showed that three out of the four mode l versions showed good agreement for stand basal area and stem numbers when compared against inventory data of both forest sites. Due to very similar model behavior, an unambiguous choice of a “best” model version was, however, not possible. In contrast, long -term simulations revealed very different behavior of the mortality models, indicating that the choice of the mortality function is crucial for simulated forest dynamics. Based on these results, I concluded that 1) empirical mortality functions are valuable replacements for current theoretical mortality algorithms in dynamic vegetation models 2) but further tests would be needed to rigorously assess their potential and to better understand interactions of the mortality function with other model processes.
Enhanced use of empirical data in dynamic vegetation models is widely advocated. However, it is largely unknown whether empirically derive d functions are compatible with the wide range of processes and interactions that are usually found in DVMs and thus, whether they lead to an better model performance. In Chapter 2 , I addressed this question with the focus on the inventory-based mortality function that has already been used in Chapter 1 . I used Bayesian methods to recalibrate its mortality parameters within ForClim. I compared its performance with the ForClim version containing the original, empirically fitted mortality parameters and with the current ForClim v3.3 that included a theoretical mortality function. Calibration and subsequent validation was based on inventory data of 30 Swiss natural forest reserves. Similarities between the calibrated and the empirically fitted mortality parameters suggest that the general structure of ForClim is appropriate to integrate empirical mortality functions. However, I found some discrepancies that indicate necessary improvements regarding the role of species’ shade tolerance in growth-mortality relationships and an optimal balance between growth and mortality. Bayesian calibration led to best performance both at calibration and validation sites. Furthermore, it revealed that the sensitivity of ForClim to parametric uncertainty is particularly high for trees in low dbh classes but surprisingly small for standard model outputs such as basal area.
Assessing the sensitivity of common forest stands in Switzerland with a forest gap model makes it necessary 1) to know which forest stands are common and 2) to have suitable data for model initialization. In Chapter 3 , I developed a stratification of the Swiss forest area to identify those forest types of Switzerland that , in terms of their stand structure and tree species composition, are most common in different eco-regions and elevation zones. I used plot data form the third Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI3) that contained both stand attributes and single-tree data. NFI plots were grouped into eco -regions and elevation zones according to the “Guide for sustainability in protection forests” (NaiS). I further segregated NFI plots into more groups based on two forest stand attributes: vertical stand structure and developmental stage. In a last step, I relied on recommendations of sylvicultural experts for dividing some groups into more strata to strengthen a realistic tree species composition. The stratification resulted in 71 strata that contained 25% of all NFI forest plots. Single-tree data of all NFI plots associated to one stratum were aggregate d. Although the final result is a somewhat “artificial” forest stand, it has the tremendous advantage that NFI plot data can be used directly for stand initialization in the forest gap model ForClim.
In Switzerland, studies on forest sensitivity to climate change often focus on extreme sites where shifts in tree species composition are already visible while less attention is paid to the fate of common forest stands that are most important for Swiss forestry. In Chapter 4, I ran simulations for 71 strata that had been identified in the previous chapter using two model versions to examine their development until the end of the 21 st century (year 2100). Simulations were run with common Swiss forest management strategies and without management. I considered forest development under current climate (1980-2009) and under 11 different climate change scenarios assuming an A2 greenhouse gas emission scenario. According to these simulation results, shifts in structure and composition of Swiss forests have to be expected for the second half of this century. However, high variability among the strata was found due to drivers of small-scaled forest dynamics such as regional climate, elevation gradients and current species composition. I showed that current management regimes can alleviate the negative impacts of climate change but adaptive measures are necessary to be applied at a site-specific and objective-oriented base. In conclusion, model- based assessments on forest sensitivity can only provide reliable decision-making support for forest managers if small-scaled drivers of forest stand dynamics are take n into consideration.
In the Synthesis, I reflect the findings of the previous chapters by discussing the potential of empirical mortality functions in DVMs and the use of forest gap models – as one type of DVM – as tools for decision-support regarding forest management under climate change. I come to the conclusion that empirical mortality functions are capable to further improve the performance of DVMs and to increase our confidence in their projections. However, empirical functions come with limitations, which might constrain avalid applicability. For this reason, I advocate not to focus on one individual function but to aggregate knowledge on mortality mechanism and data from various sources to enhance the validity of the tree mortality mechanism in DVMs beyond individual empirical data sets. Climate change is expected to have strong effects on future development of current Swiss forests at various sites. High variability in forest response to a changing environment underlines the need to plan future forest strategies at the local scale. Forest gap models have limitations that need to be discussed and tackled. Still, I am convinced that they have the potential to play a key role in decision-making processes as they can provide what decision makers need: a comprehensive reflection of essential processes and an adequate spatial resolution.Numéro de notice : 17200 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET Nature : Thèse étrangère Note de thèse : doctoral thesis : Sciences : ETH Zurich : 2015 En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010596194 Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=81176 Visualisation of spread of Chalara ash dieback for raising public awareness and responsible woodland access / Chen Wang (2015)
Titre : Visualisation of spread of Chalara ash dieback for raising public awareness and responsible woodland access Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Chen Wang, Auteur ; David Miller, Auteur ; Paula Horne, Auteur ; Yang Jiang, Auteur ; Gillian Donaldson-Selby, Auteur ; Jane Morrice, Auteur Editeur : Leeds [Royaume-Uni] : University of Leeds Année de publication : 2015 Conférence : GISRUK 2015, 23th GIS Research UK annual conference 15/04/2015 17/04/2015 Leeds Royaume-Uni open access proceedings Importance : pp 653 - 658 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] Ecosse
[Termes IGN] forêt
[Termes IGN] Fraxinus excelsior
[Termes IGN] maladie phytosanitaire
[Termes IGN] modèle 3D du site
[Termes IGN] participation du public
[Termes IGN] visualisation 3D
[Vedettes matières IGN] GéovisualisationRésumé : (auteur) A 3D model of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) woodland was developed to present information on the symptoms and spread of Chalara ash dieback (Chalara fraxinea) as part of a knowledge exchange programme for the Scottish Tree Health Advisory Group. A hypothetical woodland was designed, with characteristics of the vegetation and topography of a site in north-west Scotland. A model of different stages of infection was prepared and represented in a virtual environment. This was presented to audiences in Edinburgh and Aberdeen, and feedback on experiences and understanding of the disease provided to the team monitoring and advising on the disease outbreak. Numéro de notice : C2015-052 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET/GEOMATIQUE Nature : Communication DOI : sans Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=83866 Documents numériques
en open access
Visualisation of spread of Chalara ash diebackAdobe Acrobat PDF Deadwood and tree microhabitat dynamics in unharvested temperate mountain mixed forests: A life-cycle approach to biodiversity monitoring / Laurent Larrieu in Forest ecology and management, vol 334 ([15/12/2014])
[article]
Titre : Deadwood and tree microhabitat dynamics in unharvested temperate mountain mixed forests: A life-cycle approach to biodiversity monitoring Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Laurent Larrieu, Auteur ; Alain Cabanettes, Auteur ; Pierre Gonin, Auteur ; Thibault Lachat, Auteur ; Yoan Paillet, Auteur ; Stephan Winter, Auteur ; Christophe Bouget, Auteur ; Marc Deconchat, Auteur Année de publication : 2014 Article en page(s) : pp 163 - 173 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] bois mort
[Termes IGN] dynamique de la végétation
[Termes IGN] forêt alpestre
[Termes IGN] forêt tempérée
[Termes IGN] Fraxinus excelsior
[Termes IGN] microhabitat
[Termes IGN] placette d'échantillonnage
[Termes IGN] Prunus avium
[Termes IGN] Sorbus (genre)
[Termes IGN] surveillance écologique
[Termes IGN] xylophage
[Vedettes matières IGN] Ecologie forestièreRésumé : (auteur) In forest ecosystems, conservation is often considered in the absence of any long-term dynamic perspective, yet dynamic processes extend over hundreds of years. Saproxylic taxa represent about 25% of the species diversity in temperate and boreal forests and they depend on both spatial and temporal continuity in the availability of deadwood and certain tree microhabitats. Our study focused on the dynamics of deadwood and tree microhabitats throughout the silvigenetic cycle in 32 unharvested European mountain mixed forests. Our dataset contained 178 plots classified into one of five forest development phases (regeneration, establishing, growing, culmination and disintegration). We analyzed how the amount and quality of deadwood and microhabitats varied according to the five phases. Contrary to expectations, deadwood and tree microhabitat availability remained more or less stable throughout the silvigenetic cycle, both in quantity and diversity. Furthermore, whether the forests were dominated by broadleaves or conifers, there were no significant differences in terms of deadwood or tree microhabitat dynamics. Pioneer (Betula spp., Salix spp.) and post-pioneer species (Fraxinus exelsior, Sorbus spp., Prunus avium) played an important role throughout the silvigenetic cycle by providing a diversity of deadwood when deadwood from the dominant species (i.e. Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies) was scarce. Understanding the dynamics of deadwood and tree microhabitats may help us provide a model for forest managers who intend to emulate natural forest dynamics and will also improve our understanding of the relationship between forest dynamics and biodiversity conservation. Numéro de notice : A2014-597 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : BIODIVERSITE/FORET Nature : Article DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.09.007 En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.09.007 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=81010
in Forest ecology and management > vol 334 [15/12/2014] . - pp 163 - 173[article]Effect of host tree density and apparency on the probability of attack by the pine processionary moth / Margot Regolini in Forest ecology and management, vol 334 ([15/12/2014])
[article]
Titre : Effect of host tree density and apparency on the probability of attack by the pine processionary moth Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Margot Regolini, Auteur ; Bastien Castagneyrol, Auteur ; Anne-Maïmiti Dulaurent-Mercadal, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2014 Article en page(s) : pp 185 - 192 Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Végétation
[Termes IGN] densité de la végétation
[Termes IGN] hauteur des arbres
[Termes IGN] Insecta
[Termes IGN] insecte nuisible
[Termes IGN] Pinus pinaster
[Termes IGN] xylophageRésumé : (auteur) The pine processionary moth (PPM, Thaumetopoea pityocampa) is the main defoliator of pines in the Mediterranean area, necessitating constant surveillance and regular pest management. A sound understanding of the spatial distribution of infested trees, both within and between stands, is required to increase management efficiency. We hypothesized that both host tree density at stand scale and tree apparency at individual tree scale were responsible for between- and within-stand patterns of PPM infestation. We tested these hypotheses on a sample of 171 maritime pine stands in the Landes de Gascogne, the largest plantation forest in Europe. We showed that PPM infestation (percentage of infested trees) decreased significantly with stand density, and was therefore greater in older than in younger stands. The probability of a pine tree being attacked increased significantly with tree height and proximity to the edge of the stand. Mortality rates of exposed sentinel egg batches did not differ with distance from the stand edge. We discuss three likely explanations for higher infestation of taller trees at stand edges: better survival of larvae on sun-exposed trees, and random interception vs. active host selection by gravid females. Our findings suggest that stand management could be adapted in order to decrease the risk of damage by the pine processionary moth, and that predictive tools for infestation dynamics can be based on forest growth models. Numéro de notice : A2014-745 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET Nature : Article DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.08.038 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.08.038 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=75920
in Forest ecology and management > vol 334 [15/12/2014] . - pp 185 - 192[article]European perspective on the development of planted forests, including projections to 2065 / Gert-Jan Nabuurs in New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, vol 44 (Decembre 2014)
[article]
Titre : European perspective on the development of planted forests, including projections to 2065 Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Auteur ; Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2014 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] approvisionnement
[Termes IGN] conversion forestière
[Termes IGN] Europe (géographie politique)
[Termes IGN] feuillu
[Termes IGN] Pinophyta
[Vedettes matières IGN] Economie forestièreRésumé : (auteur) Background : The 27 countries in the European Union have a combined total of 177 million ha of forested and other wooded land. These are mainly characterised as semi-natural, multi-functional forests. Only about 13 million ha are characterised as plantationsi, although an additional 47 million ha are regarded as planted forests (Forest Europe 2011). European forests are highly diverse due to centuries of management in countries with different cultural objectives. Often the current management is nature oriented and so forests may not be used primarily for wood production. Wood provides only a small part of the income for many of the 16 million private owners according to the Confédération Européenne des Propriétaires Forestiers (CEPF 2013). These circumstances, plus sluggish demand for wood brought about by the current economic crisis, have generated challenges for the forestry sector. Demand for wood is expected to increase with expansion of the green economy and an increased emphasis on the use of bioenergy.
Methods : Three forest management scenarios (analysed with the EFISCEN model) were used to project supply in response to demand for wood from EU forests over the next 50 years.
Results : Shortening of broadleaved forest rotation length and planting 50% of the felled area with fast-growing coniferous species could increase coniferous wood supply from 473 to 561 million m3 y-1. Demand could reach more than 1200 million m3 y-1 by 2065.
Conclusions : Conversion of 50% of broadleaved forest in EU27 countries to coniferous forest is not likely to satisfy the increased demand for wood expected by 2065.Numéro de notice : A2014-689 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET Nature : Article DOI : 10.1186/1179-5395-44-S1-S8 Date de publication en ligne : 26/11/2014 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1186/1179-5395-44-S1-S8 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=100675
in New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science > vol 44 (Decembre 2014)[article]Evaluating tree detection and segmentation routines on very high resolution UAV LiDAR data / Luke Wallace in IEEE Transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, vol 52 n° 12 (December 2014)PermalinkA hybrid framework for single tree detection from airborne laser scanning data: A case study in temperate mature coniferous forests in Ontario, Canada / Junjie Zhang in ISPRS Journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing, vol 98 (December 2014)PermalinkImpact of management on nutrients, carbon, and energy in aboveground biomass components of mid-rotation loblolly pine (pinus taeda L.) plantations / Dehai Zhao in Annals of Forest Science, vol 71 n° 8 (December 2014)PermalinkPost-fire selective thinning of Arbutus unedo L. coppices keeps animal diversity unchanged: the case of ants / Lidia Quevedo in Annals of Forest Science, vol 71 n° 8 (December 2014)PermalinkUne approche cartographique pour relancer la sylviculture du châtaignier dans les Cévennes / Jean-Michel Boissier in Revue forestière française, vol 66 n° 6 (novembre - décembre 2014)PermalinkDisturbances in European beech water relation during an extreme drought / Marianne Peiffer in Annals of Forest Science, vol 71 n° 7 (October 2014)PermalinkEconomics of harvesting uneven-aged forest stands in Fennoscandia / Janne Rämo in Scandinavian journal of forest research, vol 29 n° 8 (October 2014)PermalinkImpact of local slope and aspect assessed from LiDAR records on tree diameter in radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) plantations / Hanieh Saremi in Annals of Forest Science, vol 71 n° 7 (October 2014)PermalinkIntegration of Lidar and Landsat to estimate forest canopy cover in coastal British Columbia / Oumer S. Ahmed in Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, PERS, vol 80 n° 10 (October 2014)PermalinkQuantification et cartographie de la structure forestière à partir de la texture des images Pléiades / Benoit Beguet in Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, n° 208 (Octobre 2014)PermalinkSocial status-mediated tree-ring responses to climate of Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica shift in importance with increasing stand basal area / François Lebourgeois in Forest ecology and management, Vol 328 (September 2014)PermalinkCartes de vigilance climatique : concept, usage, communication / Jean Lemaire in Forêt entreprise, n° 218 (septembre-octobre 2014)PermalinkExigence et cartes de vigilance climatique des chênes pédonculé, sessiles et pubescent. / Jean Lemaire in Forêt entreprise, n° 218 (septembre-octobre 2014)PermalinkImpact de l'année 2003 sur la vitalité du douglas vert sur le secteur du Parc naturel régional du Haut-Languedoc / Jean Lemaire in Forêt entreprise, n° 218 (septembre-octobre 2014)PermalinkLien entre le déficit hydrique climatique et le dépérissement du chêne pédonculé sur la façade atlantique / Jean Lemaire in Forêt entreprise, n° 218 (septembre-octobre 2014)PermalinkAccumulation des stocks de carbone dans les sols sous des cultures bioénergétiques de Populus spp., Salix spp. et Panicum Virgatum / Martine Routhier in VertigO, vol 14 n° 2 (septembre 2014)PermalinkCross-correlation of diameter measures for the co-registration of forest inventory plots with airborne laser scanning data / Jean-Matthieu Monnet in Forests, vol 5 n° 9 (September 2014)PermalinkDeriving Predictive relationships of carotenoid content at the canopy level in a conifer forest using hyperspectral imagery and model simulation / Rocío Hernández-Clemente in IEEE Transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, vol 52 n° 8 Tome 2 (August 2014)PermalinkEstimation of the timber quality of scots pine with terrestrial laser scanning / Ville Kankare in Forests, vol 5 n° 8 (August 2014)PermalinkImproved capability in stone pine forest mapping and management in Lebanon using hyperspectral CHTIS-Proba data relative to Landsat ETM+ / Mohamad Awad in Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, PERS, vol 80 n° 8 (August 2014)Permalink