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Titre : State of Europe's forests 2015 : Status and trends in sustainable forest management in Europe Type de document : Rapport Auteurs : Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Auteur ; European Forest Institute, Auteur Editeur : Ministerial conference on the protection of forests in Europe Année de publication : 2015 Autre Editeur : Aas [Norway] : Forest Europe Importance : 314 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Végétation
[Termes IGN] développement durable
[Termes IGN] écosystème forestier
[Termes IGN] Europe (géographie politique)
[Termes IGN] forêt
[Termes IGN] production agricole
[Termes IGN] protection de la biodiversité
[Termes IGN] sylvicultureIndex. décimale : 50.20 Végétation Numéro de notice : 13925 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET Nature : Rapport En ligne : http://www.foresteurope.org/ Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=95953
Titre : To die or not to die: Forest dynamics in Switzerland under climate change Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Nicolas Bircher, Auteur Editeur : Zurich : Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule ETH - Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Zurich EPFZ Année de publication : 2015 Collection : Dissertationen ETH num. 22775 Importance : 188 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Note générale : bibliographie
A thesis submitted to attain the degree of doctor of sciences of ETH ZurichLangues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] composition floristique
[Termes IGN] dynamique de la végétation
[Termes IGN] forêt alpestre
[Termes IGN] inventaire forestier étranger (données)
[Termes IGN] modèle dynamique
[Termes IGN] Picea abies
[Termes IGN] série temporelle
[Termes IGN] structure d'un peuplement forestier
[Termes IGN] Suisse
[Vedettes matières IGN] Végétation et changement climatiqueRésumé : (auteur) A high diversity of forest ecosystems is found around the globe providing various ecosystem services to humans. Responses of forests to recent increases of drought events have given rise to serious concerns about future forest development. Since anthropogenic climate change is proceeding at an unprecedented rate, the forestry sector is challenged to swiftly develop and plan adaptive management measures that guarantee the sustainable provision of forest ecosystem services in the future. The planning of management strategies is strongly dependent on reliable knowledge on future forest dynamics. To this end, the Swiss government has launched an extensive research program to examine the impact of climate change on Swiss forests. One aim among others is to assess the sensitivity of common forest types of Switzerland to climate change.
Dynamic vegetation models (DVMs) are suitable to provide quantitative assessments of forest sensitivity to climate change, as their flexibility allows considering dynamic vegetation transitions under conditions that do not represent a steady state. Among DVMs, forest gap models portray long-term forest dynamics at the stand scale taking biotic interactions such as competition into account. Recent integration of sophisticated management techniques has substantially extended their range of application from unmanaged to complex mixed-species forests under management, thus making them interesting tools for the assessment of climate change impacts on forest ecosystems. However, forest gap models integrate a large number of ecological processes that still lack an empirical base. This is particularly true for tree mortality – a key demographic process in forest dynamics – where increasing empirical research has been followed by little action in DVMs. Thus, although it is widely acknowledged that empirical functions should be integrated into DVMs to enhance ecological realism, little is known about whet her this approach leads to an increased robustness of model projections.
Given this background, my thesis includes two major objectives: 1) to examine the potential of empirical mortality functions in dynamic vegetation models and 2) to assess the sensitivity of common Swiss forests to climate change.
In Chapter 1 of this thesis, I implemented an inventory- and a tree-ring based mortality function in the forest gap model ForClim and combined them with a stochastic and a deterministic approach for the determination of tree status (alive vs. dead). These four new model versions were tested for two Norway spruces stands, one of which was managed (inventory time series of 72 years) and the other was unmanaged (41 years). Furthermore, I ran long-term simulations (~400 years) into the future to test model behavior under three climate scenarios. I showed that three out of the four mode l versions showed good agreement for stand basal area and stem numbers when compared against inventory data of both forest sites. Due to very similar model behavior, an unambiguous choice of a “best” model version was, however, not possible. In contrast, long -term simulations revealed very different behavior of the mortality models, indicating that the choice of the mortality function is crucial for simulated forest dynamics. Based on these results, I concluded that 1) empirical mortality functions are valuable replacements for current theoretical mortality algorithms in dynamic vegetation models 2) but further tests would be needed to rigorously assess their potential and to better understand interactions of the mortality function with other model processes.
Enhanced use of empirical data in dynamic vegetation models is widely advocated. However, it is largely unknown whether empirically derive d functions are compatible with the wide range of processes and interactions that are usually found in DVMs and thus, whether they lead to an better model performance. In Chapter 2 , I addressed this question with the focus on the inventory-based mortality function that has already been used in Chapter 1 . I used Bayesian methods to recalibrate its mortality parameters within ForClim. I compared its performance with the ForClim version containing the original, empirically fitted mortality parameters and with the current ForClim v3.3 that included a theoretical mortality function. Calibration and subsequent validation was based on inventory data of 30 Swiss natural forest reserves. Similarities between the calibrated and the empirically fitted mortality parameters suggest that the general structure of ForClim is appropriate to integrate empirical mortality functions. However, I found some discrepancies that indicate necessary improvements regarding the role of species’ shade tolerance in growth-mortality relationships and an optimal balance between growth and mortality. Bayesian calibration led to best performance both at calibration and validation sites. Furthermore, it revealed that the sensitivity of ForClim to parametric uncertainty is particularly high for trees in low dbh classes but surprisingly small for standard model outputs such as basal area.
Assessing the sensitivity of common forest stands in Switzerland with a forest gap model makes it necessary 1) to know which forest stands are common and 2) to have suitable data for model initialization. In Chapter 3 , I developed a stratification of the Swiss forest area to identify those forest types of Switzerland that , in terms of their stand structure and tree species composition, are most common in different eco-regions and elevation zones. I used plot data form the third Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI3) that contained both stand attributes and single-tree data. NFI plots were grouped into eco -regions and elevation zones according to the “Guide for sustainability in protection forests” (NaiS). I further segregated NFI plots into more groups based on two forest stand attributes: vertical stand structure and developmental stage. In a last step, I relied on recommendations of sylvicultural experts for dividing some groups into more strata to strengthen a realistic tree species composition. The stratification resulted in 71 strata that contained 25% of all NFI forest plots. Single-tree data of all NFI plots associated to one stratum were aggregate d. Although the final result is a somewhat “artificial” forest stand, it has the tremendous advantage that NFI plot data can be used directly for stand initialization in the forest gap model ForClim.
In Switzerland, studies on forest sensitivity to climate change often focus on extreme sites where shifts in tree species composition are already visible while less attention is paid to the fate of common forest stands that are most important for Swiss forestry. In Chapter 4, I ran simulations for 71 strata that had been identified in the previous chapter using two model versions to examine their development until the end of the 21 st century (year 2100). Simulations were run with common Swiss forest management strategies and without management. I considered forest development under current climate (1980-2009) and under 11 different climate change scenarios assuming an A2 greenhouse gas emission scenario. According to these simulation results, shifts in structure and composition of Swiss forests have to be expected for the second half of this century. However, high variability among the strata was found due to drivers of small-scaled forest dynamics such as regional climate, elevation gradients and current species composition. I showed that current management regimes can alleviate the negative impacts of climate change but adaptive measures are necessary to be applied at a site-specific and objective-oriented base. In conclusion, model- based assessments on forest sensitivity can only provide reliable decision-making support for forest managers if small-scaled drivers of forest stand dynamics are take n into consideration.
In the Synthesis, I reflect the findings of the previous chapters by discussing the potential of empirical mortality functions in DVMs and the use of forest gap models – as one type of DVM – as tools for decision-support regarding forest management under climate change. I come to the conclusion that empirical mortality functions are capable to further improve the performance of DVMs and to increase our confidence in their projections. However, empirical functions come with limitations, which might constrain avalid applicability. For this reason, I advocate not to focus on one individual function but to aggregate knowledge on mortality mechanism and data from various sources to enhance the validity of the tree mortality mechanism in DVMs beyond individual empirical data sets. Climate change is expected to have strong effects on future development of current Swiss forests at various sites. High variability in forest response to a changing environment underlines the need to plan future forest strategies at the local scale. Forest gap models have limitations that need to be discussed and tackled. Still, I am convinced that they have the potential to play a key role in decision-making processes as they can provide what decision makers need: a comprehensive reflection of essential processes and an adequate spatial resolution.Numéro de notice : 17200 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET Nature : Thèse étrangère Note de thèse : doctoral thesis : Sciences : ETH Zurich : 2015 En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010596194 Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=81176
contenu dans Actes des secondes rencontres végétales du massif central : flore, végétation et habitats du massif central / Conservatoire botanique national du Massif central (2015)
Titre : Les tourbières boisées du massif central Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Benoit Renaux, Auteur Editeur : Chavaniac-Lafayette [France] : Conservatoire botanique national du Massif central Année de publication : 2015 Conférence : CBNMC 2012, 2es rencontres végétales du massif central 10/10/2012 14/10/2012 Limoges France open access proceedings Importance : pp 27 - 54 Note générale : bibliographie, Tableau de fréquence des syntaxons mis en évidence et relevés type Langues : Français (fre) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] analyse diachronique
[Termes IGN] boulaie
[Termes IGN] climax
[Termes IGN] habitat forestier
[Termes IGN] phytosociologie
[Termes IGN] pineraie
[Termes IGN] sapinière
[Termes IGN] tourbe
[Vedettes matières IGN] Ecologie forestièreRésumé : (auteur) Cette étude propose une caractérisation phytosociologique et écologique de l'habite d'intérêt prioritaire "tourbières boisées" dans le Massif central, sur la base d'une vaste synthèse bibliographique et de l'analyse de 198 relevés phytosociologiques, dont 67 originaux. Six associations phytosociologiques sont mises en évidence, dont deux nouvelles : le Scutellario minoris-Betuletum albae Renaux, Chabrol et Reimringer ass. nov. et le Menyantho trifoliatae-Betuletum albae ass. nov. La place de ces stades boisés dans la dynamique des tourbières est questionnée ainsi que l'effet de la présence des arbres sur la tourbière, invitant à reconsidérer leurs place dans la conservation des tourbières. Numéro de notice : C2012-003 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET Nature : Communication DOI : sans En ligne : http://fr.calameo.com/read/000564149ff58e31eb454?trackersource=library Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=80568 Deadwood and tree microhabitat dynamics in unharvested temperate mountain mixed forests: A life-cycle approach to biodiversity monitoring / Laurent Larrieu in Forest ecology and management, vol 334 ([15/12/2014])
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Titre : Deadwood and tree microhabitat dynamics in unharvested temperate mountain mixed forests: A life-cycle approach to biodiversity monitoring Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Laurent Larrieu, Auteur ; Alain Cabanettes, Auteur ; Pierre Gonin, Auteur ; Thibault Lachat, Auteur ; Yoan Paillet, Auteur ; Stephan Winter, Auteur ; Christophe Bouget, Auteur ; Marc Deconchat, Auteur Année de publication : 2014 Article en page(s) : pp 163 - 173 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] bois mort
[Termes IGN] dynamique de la végétation
[Termes IGN] forêt alpestre
[Termes IGN] forêt tempérée
[Termes IGN] Fraxinus excelsior
[Termes IGN] microhabitat
[Termes IGN] placette d'échantillonnage
[Termes IGN] Prunus avium
[Termes IGN] Sorbus (genre)
[Termes IGN] surveillance écologique
[Termes IGN] xylophage
[Vedettes matières IGN] Ecologie forestièreRésumé : (auteur) In forest ecosystems, conservation is often considered in the absence of any long-term dynamic perspective, yet dynamic processes extend over hundreds of years. Saproxylic taxa represent about 25% of the species diversity in temperate and boreal forests and they depend on both spatial and temporal continuity in the availability of deadwood and certain tree microhabitats. Our study focused on the dynamics of deadwood and tree microhabitats throughout the silvigenetic cycle in 32 unharvested European mountain mixed forests. Our dataset contained 178 plots classified into one of five forest development phases (regeneration, establishing, growing, culmination and disintegration). We analyzed how the amount and quality of deadwood and microhabitats varied according to the five phases. Contrary to expectations, deadwood and tree microhabitat availability remained more or less stable throughout the silvigenetic cycle, both in quantity and diversity. Furthermore, whether the forests were dominated by broadleaves or conifers, there were no significant differences in terms of deadwood or tree microhabitat dynamics. Pioneer (Betula spp., Salix spp.) and post-pioneer species (Fraxinus exelsior, Sorbus spp., Prunus avium) played an important role throughout the silvigenetic cycle by providing a diversity of deadwood when deadwood from the dominant species (i.e. Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies) was scarce. Understanding the dynamics of deadwood and tree microhabitats may help us provide a model for forest managers who intend to emulate natural forest dynamics and will also improve our understanding of the relationship between forest dynamics and biodiversity conservation. Numéro de notice : A2014-597 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : BIODIVERSITE/FORET Nature : Article DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.09.007 En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.09.007 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=81010
in Forest ecology and management > vol 334 [15/12/2014] . - pp 163 - 173[article]Impact of management on nutrients, carbon, and energy in aboveground biomass components of mid-rotation loblolly pine (pinus taeda L.) plantations / Dehai Zhao in Annals of Forest Science, vol 71 n° 8 (December 2014)
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Titre : Impact of management on nutrients, carbon, and energy in aboveground biomass components of mid-rotation loblolly pine (pinus taeda L.) plantations Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Dehai Zhao, Auteur ; Michael Kane, Auteur ; Robert Teskey, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2014 Article en page(s) : pp 843 - 851 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Végétation
[Termes IGN] nutrition végétale
[Termes IGN] pineraie
[Termes IGN] Pinus taeda
[Termes IGN] puits de carbone
[Termes IGN] récolte de boisRésumé : (Auteur) Context : To sustainably manage loblolly pine plantations for bioenergy and carbon sequestration, accurate information is required on the relationships between management regimes and energy, carbon, and nutrient export.
Aims : The effects of cultural intensity and planting density were investigated with respect to energy, carbon, and essential nutrients in aboveground biomass of mid-rotation loblolly pine plantations, and the effects of harvesting scenarios on export of nutrients were tested.
Methods : Destructive biomass sampling of a 12 years-old loblolly pine culture/density experiment, and analysis of variance were used to assess the effects of cultural intensity (operational vs. intensive) and six planting densities ranging from 741 to 4,448 trees ha−1. Two harvesting scenarios (stem-only vs. whole-tree harvesting) were assessed in terms of energy, carbon, and nutrient export.
Results : The concentrations of energy, carbon, and nutrients varied significantly among stem wood, bark, branch, and foliage components. Cultural intensity and planting density did not significantly affect these concentrations. Differences in energy, carbon and nutrient contents among treatments were mainly mediated by changes in total biomass. Nutrient contents were affected by either cultural intensity or planting density, or both. Stem-only harvesting removed 71–79% of aboveground energy and carbon, 29–45% of N, 28–44% of P, 44–57% of K, 51–65% of Ca, and 50–61% of Mg.
Conclusions : Stem-only harvesting would be preferred to whole-tree harvesting, from a site nutrient conservation perspective.Numéro de notice : A2014-579 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET Nature : Article DOI : 10.1007/s13595-014-0384-2 Date de publication en ligne : 22/05/2014 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-014-0384-2 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=74769
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