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Enabling pattern-aware automated map generalization / Stefan Steiniger (2007) 

Public Titre : Enabling pattern-aware automated map generalization Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Stefan Steiniger, Auteur ; Robert Weibel, Directeur de thèse ; Dirk Burghardt, Directeur de thèse Editeur : Zurich : Université de Zurich Année de publication : 2007 Importance : 180 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Note générale : Bibliographie Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr. Sc. Nat.) vorgelegt der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] attribut géomètrique [Termes IGN] généralisation cartographique automatisée [Termes IGN] généralisation du bâti [Termes IGN] modèle conceptuel de données localisées [Termes IGN] procédure (document) [Termes IGN] système multi-agents [Vedettes matières IGN] Généralisation Résumé : (Auteur) In manual map generalization the cartographer's work is guided by a few principles such as selection of the essential content to meet the map's purpose, and preservation or accentuation of typical and unusual map elements. For instance in a topographic map for an urban area, urban building structures are considered to be typical elements. An example for an unusual element may be a group of ponds with regular spatial distribution and similar size that belong to a fish farm. The recognition and maintenance of such typical and unusual patterns is accomplished by a trained cartographer in an holistic manner. To automate this complex process it is necessary to transfer and decompose the cartographic knowledge and operations into a computer understandable form. The objective of this thesis is to develop and test an approach that enables the maintenance of object relations and patterns during the automated map generalization process. In response to the drawbacks of existing approaches of maintaining map object relations and patterns, we present several requirements for improved approaches. One of these requirements is that structural knowledge (i.e. knowledge about existing patterns) should be explicitly modeled and attached to the map data, and not hidden in the generalization algorithms. A so-called data enrichment strategy such as this should allow a flexible and pattern-aware control of the generalization process. As a consequence of the flexible control approach we establish the hypothesis that the quality of the generalization result and the efficiency of the generalization process can be improved when the data enrichment strategy is employed. The conceptual framework that we propose consists of five steps: The first step considers the identification of patterns and map object relations. In the second step the patterns are formalized using the relations. Subsequently the relations and patterns are extracted (step 3) and stored (step 4). Finally in step 5 the stored relations are utilized to enable pattern-aware decision making for generalization process control. Associated with these steps are the five research questions of this thesis: 1.) What types of relations exist in maps that can be used to describe patterns? 2.) How can we formalize these relations? 3.) How can we detect these relations? 4.) How can these relations be stored and the data be enriched? 5.) How can we exploit the enriched data for pattern preservation and process optimization? These research questions demand comprehensive answers that can not be elaborated thoroughly within the time frame of a PhD project. Hence, while the first research question is answered comprehensively in this thesis, we have chosen to answer the remaining questions with respect to two case studies that serve as a proof of concept of the 5-step framework. The first case study concentrates on the extraction and exploitation of urban structures such as inner city areas, urban areas, suburban areas, etc. In the second case study we aim to identify groups of islands. The contributions of this thesis to map generalization research are essentially associated with the research questions. In response to the first research question we established a comprehensive typology of so-called horizontal relations (and patterns) that we derive from an analysis of topographic maps, thematic maps, and the cartographic literature. With respect to the second question we show for both case studies how identification and formalization of patterns by use of horizontal relations can be accomplished. For the formalization of the island groups, which have been identified in a 'pencil and paper' experiment, we could utilize the Gestalt principles established by Max Wertheimer. To detect the urban structures (the third research question) we developed a supervised classification approach. For the recognition of large island groups formed by the perceptual principle of proximity, we developed an approach that utilizes a minimum spanning tree. The storage of relations, addressed by the fourth research question, has not been discussed in detail, but we use a graph structure and attribute values in the case studies. Finally we discussed for the islands example how relations can be exploited (the fifth research question). In order to evaluate the hypothesis, practical experiments have been conducted with expert generalization rules that account for the urban structure classification of buildings. We obtained an improvement in quality of the generalization result but could not clearly identify a gain in generalization efficiency. However, by accomplishing all five steps of the framework, we show its applicability and utility for the preservation of spatial patterns and relations during the map generalization process. Based on the results and open problems that we discovered in our research, we identify three areas of future map generalization research: 1.) the further formalization and detection of relations and patterns, 2.) the revision and development of constraints to control the preservation of patterns, and 3) research on human computer interaction methods and tools to define and confirm patterns, and control the entire map generalization process more flexibly. Note de contenu : Synthesis 1 Introduction 1.1 The Motivation for Pattern-Aware Map Generalization 1.1.1 Two Examples of Pattern-Aware Manual Map Generalization 1.1.2 Problem Definition 1.1.3 Patterns and Pattern-Aware Map Generalization 1.2 Objective, Methodology and Research Questions 1.3 Structure of the Thesis 2 Theoretical Background on Automated Map Generalization 2.1 Decomposing Manual Map Generalization for Automation 2.1.1 Cartographic Principles 2.1.2 Cartographic Knowledge Acquisition to Achieve a Decomposition 2.1.3 Cartographic Requirements 2.1.4 Cartographic Operations 2.1.5 Conceptual Map Generalization Models - Process Oriented Models - Hierarchical Modeling 2.2 Approaches to Automated Map Generalization 2.2.1 Interactive Systems and Rule-Based Systems 2.2.2 From Rules to Constraints 2.2.3 Constraint-based Automated Map Generalization using Workflow Systems, Multi Agent Systems and Optimization 3 State of the Art in Spatial Pattern Analysis and Emerging Research Challenges 3.1 Spatial Pattern Analysis in Related Disciplines 3.2 Spatial Pattern Analysis and Data Enrichment in Map Generalization 3.2.1 Topographic Maps - Analysis of Building Configurations - Analysis of Polygon Configurations - Analysis of Networks - Analysis of Lines 3.2.2 Thematic Maps 3.3 Research Challenges Addressed in this Thesis 4 Summary of Papers 4.1 Research Paper 1: Exploring Object Relations in Maps 4.1.1 Objectives 4.1.2 Methods and Results 4.1.3 Contributions 4.2 Research Paper 2: Identifying Urban Structures 4.2.1 Objectives 4.2.2 Methods and Results 4.2.3 Contributions 4.3 Research Paper 3: Use of Detected Urban Structures to Control Map Generalization 4.3.1 Objectives 4.3.2 Methods and Results 4.3.3 Contributions 4.4 Research Paper 4: Detecting Large Island Groups within an Archipelago 4.4.1 Objectives 4.4.2 Methods and Results 4.4.3 Contributions 5 Discussion 5.1 Revisiting the Research Questions 5.1.1 What types of relations exist in maps that can be used to describe patterns? 5.1.2 How can we formalize relations and patterns? 5.1.3 How can we detect relations and patterns? 5.1.4 How can relations be stored and the data be enriched? 5.1.5 How can we exploit the enriched data for pattern preservation and process optimization? 5.2 Evaluating the Hypothesis 6 Conclusions and Perspectives 6.1 Main Contributions 6.2 Summarized Research Needs and Outlook References Numéro de notice : 13567 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE/INFORMATIQUE Nature : Thèse étrangère Note de thèse : Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr. Sc. Nat.) vorgelegt der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich : 2007 Organisme de stage : COGIT (IGN) & Ordnance Survey Great Britain nature-HAL : Thèse DOI : sans Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=45204

Documents numériques

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Foundations of location based services / Stefan Steiniger (2006)

Public Titre : Foundations of location based services : Lesson 1 : cartouche 1 - Lecture notes on LBS, V. 1.0 Type de document : Monographie Auteurs : Stefan Steiniger, Auteur ; Moritz Neun, Auteur ; A. Edwardes, Auteur Editeur : Zurich : Université de Zurich Année de publication : 2006 Importance : 28 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Applications SIG [Termes IGN] accès sans fils à l'internet [Termes IGN] analyse spatiale [Termes IGN] appareil portable [Termes IGN] cartographie pour écran mobile [Termes IGN] données localisées [Termes IGN] interface utilisateur [Termes IGN] service fondé sur la position [Termes IGN] système de numérisation mobile Résumé : (documentaliste) Ce document électronique est une ébauche de cours pour un apprentissage en ligne dans le cadre d'un projet lancé par 3 partenaires suisses dont l'Université de Zurich. Cartography for Swiss Higher Education a développé un campus virtuel autour de la cartographie (http://www.e-cartouche.ch/). Dans ce cours, il est question des services fondés sur la position. Ces services sont définis. On montre en quoi ils sont utiles, ce qu'ils requièrent en particulier et enfin comment ils fonctionnent. Note de contenu : 1. Introduction 2. What are Location Based Services? GIS and LBS Components Keywords Push and Pull Services 3. How are LBSs useful? User actions and goals Information needs Applications 4. What's special about it? Context Adaption Privacy Adaption examples 5. How does it work? Services request processing Mobile devices Mobile networks Mobile positioning Architectural requirements Service types OpenLS Data provider Numéro de notice : 13568 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Monographie Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=62548

Semantic infrastructure and methods to support quality evaluation in cartographic generalization / Francisco Brazile (2000)

Public Titre : Semantic infrastructure and methods to support quality evaluation in cartographic generalization Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Francisco Brazile, Auteur ; Robert Weibel, Directeur de thèse ; K.E. Brassel, Directeur de thèse Editeur : Zurich : Université de Zurich Année de publication : 2000 Importance : 152 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Note générale : biblographie Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschatlichen Doktorwürde vorgelegt des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zurich Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Bases de données localisées [Termes IGN] base de données multi-représentation [Termes IGN] évaluation [Termes IGN] généralisation cartographique automatisée Index. décimale : THESE Thèses et HDR Résumé : (auteur) This dissertation deals fundamentally with analyzing the geographic, communicative, and technical processes involved in generalizing map data for cartographic presentation. Due to the many processes involved, several aspects of generalization are reviewed. The first aspects are those related to the manual tradition of cartography and explore the ways that generalization has been formalized. Tra-ditional cartography and generalization have been thought of as a combination of science and art, and so this study seeks to showcase the boundary between the two. Those aspects which are scientific are then illustrated further through principles of modeling the cartographic process. Aspects of structure recognition and measuring are described in detail, to indicate operational procedures that have been used by cartographers, as well as to indicate the direction for digital systems.' Transformations that are applied during generalization, the so-called generalization operators, are also reviewed. These operators seek to modularize tactical aspects of the generalization process, form the foundation to migrate towards fully automated solutions through human guidance, and in some instances can be applied programmatically. Ultimately, however there are shortfalls in the structuring of the entire generalization process. These shortfalls were addressed by recent research efforts to model the entire process, aiming to create holistic generalization solutions. The pursuit of a holistic generalization framework which could be implemented, at least in part, became the aim of study to be presented in this disserta-tion. A framework was designed that could model the entire strategic aspects of generalization and demonstrate how procedure structuring and ordering could support an automated solution. The framework was also meant to address the problem of providing a common basis for comparison of differing automated generalization approaches. This framework required the analysis of the manual process, the automated methods that were available, and the direction research was taking these methods. One fundamental element to this framework required the development of a system of organizing and limiting the amount of computing that would be required to achieve reasonable so-lutions. This element, partitioning the data by topological methods, required further expansion to demonstrate integration and to show the dependencies such a framework would have on a way to constrain solutions. Through partitioning the data in the proposed manner, strategic level control can be achieved through the generalization process. This control is illustrated via theoretical propositions. Partially in order to demonstrate the feasibility of such a partitioning scheme and also to achieve an under-standing of what is needed to pursue a holistic treatment of geographic map data through basic research, a software system was designed which could implement the partitioning system, as well as basic features of common geographic information systems, such as topology and statistical measures. The results of the implementation show that partitioning as described is feasible and illustrates how partitioning and basic evaluation measures can be integrated. The success of the basic concepts have been reinforced through adoption by a separate, but ongoing applied research project, AGENT, described in the body of the report. Lastly, a philosophical approach towards generalization is discussed that highlights the need to continue to formalize the implicit knowledge held by cartographers, as well as create a system that can be modeled in a theorical way, as to provide rigor to implemented solutions for generalization. A final observation of the nature of data acquisition and updating proposed that future research should also address the entire geographic data handling process as modern systems will no doubt rely on the successful integration of such techniques. Numéro de notice : 17243 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE/INFORMATIQUE/MATHEMATIQUE Nature : Thèse étrangère Note de thèse : Dissertation : Mathématiques : Zurich : 2000 Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=81628

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Interoperable and distributed geoprocessing / Andrej Vckovski (1997)

Public Titre : Interoperable and distributed geoprocessing Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Andrej Vckovski, Auteur Editeur : Zurich : Université de Zurich Année de publication : 1997 Importance : 294 p. Format : 15 x 21 cm Note générale : bibliographie Inaugural dissertation Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Infrastructure de données [Termes IGN] interopérabilité [Termes IGN] traitement réparti Index. décimale : 37.00 Géomatique - information géographique - infrastructure de données Note de contenu : Introduction 1- Interoperability 1-1 Interoperability in geoprocessing 1-2 Virtual data set 2- Essential models 2-1 Example : Field representations 2-2 Modelling uncertainties 3- Implementation 3-1 Case studies 3-2 Strategies 3-3 Examples Conclusion Numéro de notice : 17191 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Thèse étrangère Note de thèse : PhD thesis : : Universität Zürich : 1997 Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=81158

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Code-barres	Cote	Support	Localisation	Section	Disponibilité
17191-01	37.00	Livre	Centre de documentation	Géomatique	Disponible

Research in support of MGE map generalizer / Robert Weibel (1995)

Public Titre : Research in support of MGE map generalizer : an evaluation of MGE map generalizer, interim report 3 October 1994 - 3 April 1995, submitted to intergraph scanning and cartography, Hoofddorp, the Netherlands Type de document : Rapport Auteurs : Robert Weibel, Auteur ; R. Ehrliholzer, Auteur Editeur : Zurich : Université de Zurich Année de publication : 1995 Importance : 36 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Cartographie numérique [Termes IGN] cartographie numérique [Termes IGN] généralisation cartographique [Termes IGN] interface logicielle [Termes IGN] MGE [Termes IGN] sémiologie graphique [Termes IGN] système d'information géographique Index. décimale : 39.00 Cartographie - généralités - Cartologie Résumé : (Auteur) This document presents a first evaluation of MGE Map Generalizer. It is part of a one-year project at the Department of Geography, University of Zurich entitled “Research in Support of MGE Map Generalizer”, an effort which is sponsored by Intergraph EHQ through a hardware and software loan. The first half-year period was spent on a systematic assessment of the functions offered by MGMG, and initial suggestions for possible enhancements were made. MGMG is an attractive and interesting product. It is generally easy to use, and the computational performance is adequate two factors which are prerequisites for enabling a truly interactive workflow. In its present state, MGMG is probably most useful for generalizing data at large and medium scales (> 1:50,000), particularly for tasks of building and road generalization. At smaller scales, limitations of symbolization and display facilities presently restrict the applicability of the package. Since symbol size and width does not vary with the zoom level of the working view, it is not possible to visually check for feature overlaps or coalescence. This presents a particular problem to the generalization of point and linear features whose size and width is mainly dictated by symbolization; it does not, however, cause difficulties to the treatment of area features (e.g., land use, forest polygons) at smaller scales. We consider MGMG as an important strategic product in Intergraph's range of software solutions for the mapping and GIS market. There is an ever increasing interest in the market for better generalization functionality which is sadly missing from competitors' products. Most potential mapping customers are in a transition to digital production or have already accomplished it. Thus, the problem of assessing the possible productivity gain by digital over manual techniques has almost become secondary. Nevertheless, we estimate that a productivity gain can already be achieved with the current solution. In terms of the quality of generalization operators and related functions, the present version provides an excellent basis for further enhancement and can be fine-tuned to a maturity with relatively little effort. For the second half of the project term, further research will be pursued concentrating on the specification of possible enhancements with respect to generalization operators as well as functions for design support and quality evaluation. Numéro de notice : 18829 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Rapport Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=41567

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18829-01	39.00	Livre	Centre de documentation	Cartographie	Disponible

Compilation of cartographic and spaceborne remote sensing data for thematic/topographic mapping / Urs Frei (1993)

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4th international symposium on spatial data handling, Vol 1. Proceedings SDH 1990, Zurich, Switzerland / K. Brassel (1990)

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4th international symposium on spatial data handling, Vol 2. Proceedings SDH 1990, Zurich, Switzerland / K. Brassel (1990)

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A mathematical framework for the definition of topological relationships / Max J. Egenhofer (1990) 

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Ausaperungskartierung mit Landsat-MSS Daten zur Erfassung ökologischer Einflussgrössen im Gebirge / M. Keller (1987)

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Soil moisture detection with microwave- and thermal infrared-sensors in the catchment area Rietholzbach (Switzerland) / R. Meier (1981)

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