| Titre : |
Modelli GIS e visualizzazione di processi dinamici per reti di traffico |
| Type de document : |
Thèse/HDR |
| Auteurs : |
Claudia Dolci, Auteur |
| Editeur : |
Zurich : Institut für Geodäsie und Photogrammetrie IGP - ETH |
| Année de publication : |
2009 |
| Collection : |
IGP Mitteilungen, ISSN 0252-9335 num. 101  |
| Importance : |
140 p. |
| Format : |
21 x 30 cm |
| ISBN/ISSN/EAN : |
978-3-906467-82-5 |
| Note générale : |
Bibliographie |
| Langues : |
Italien (ita) |
| Descripteur : |
[Vedettes matières IGN] Applications SIG
[Termes IGN] analyse spatiale
[Termes IGN] cartogramme
[Termes IGN] modélisation
[Termes IGN] système d'information géographique
[Termes IGN] trafic routier
[Termes IGN] transport routier
[Termes IGN] visualisation
|
| Résumé : |
(Auteur) Over the last decades, mobility and traffic have become themes of great concern. In Switzerland, as throughout the European Community, the road capacity has reached in some points its limits. The risk of congestion is increasingly tangible and concrete, seriously affecting the security and performance of the road networks. It is therefore crucial to analyze the transport system in order to find appropriate solutions for its planning.
Planning means analyzing the demand of displacement and consequently structuring the offer (infrastructure and services) to meet the users' needs. The interventions may be different in nature and it might emerge, as demand continues to rise, that the construction of new infrastructure is not the only answer. The transport system needs an optimization process that contributes to fluidify traffic and ensures good accessibility. These results can be obtained, alongside the construction of new infrastructure, thanks to the improvement of existing ones, by organizing and synchronizing the offer of public and private transport systems, and/or through the definition of tariffs and timetables to be implemented in the public service.
It is important to recall that travelling stems from the need of individuals to carry out activities in places located differently in the territory (work, study, entertainment, etc.), and situated other than in the place of origin. The need of displacement occurs in the form of traffic and can be formally defined as the number of users, with certain characteristics, utilizing the service offered by a transport system in a prefixed referenced period of time.
As suggested by the definition itself, while simplifying partially the phenomenon, the demand for displacement and the subsequent traffic flows are characterized by the place of origin and destination (spatial peculiarity), by time interval reference (temporal peculiarity), displacement reasons and by the number and classes of users (socio-economic characterization).
The various aspects related to the demand of displacement and traffic flows have suggested and determined a thorough analysis of potential applications and related benefits of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the sector of transport. In this context, we recall how GIS technology is able to combine in a single environment, the most common operations related to the use of a database (questions, statistical analysis) with the benefits of spatial analysis. According to Bartelme (2000), "GIS are a logical concept based on which the responsible staff uses and organizes the technical and methodological components to manage, analyse and disseminate information with spatial reference".
Although planning transport systems is a traditional task related to transport engineering, in recent years many research issues related to traffic have constantly to develop at a rapid pace. However, the enormous amount of data produced and the lack of an instrument which allows the management and the visualization, often reduces the usefulness of many studies. In this thesis work this topic was addressed, by dealing with issues as modelling and visualization of data, and by considering them valuable elements for a proper analysis and interpretation of the information.
Some key issues concerning traffic flows were analyzed, focusing on the temporal-dynamic aspect of the phenomenon. In this context, GIS have been proposed and used as a problem-solving tool, demonstrating once again their effectiveness in numerical analysis, in visualization and their ability to combine and to benefit from both aspects. During the work, the interest to better understand the used tools was further developed, both from a technical point of view and through their use in potential applications.
The thesis work is divided into five chapters. The first two are mainly descriptive, while the remaining three chapters show some practical examples where GIS have been able to bring their contribution to the analysis and visualization of traffic flow data.
For the application part of the thesis the Swiss context was chosen. The reasons were partly due to the collaboration with the Institute of Transport Planning of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (IVT) and partly to the data availability offered. Another aspect that has encouraged and suggested this option was the fact that the Swiss territory, with its infrastructure and its orography, provides a significant representation of the traffic phenomenon, as well as a wide variety of contexts (urban, sub-urban and inter-urban). These features mean that the applications developed in this frame can be adopted in other geographical contexts.
The first chapter presents an overview of the current traffic situation in Switzerland, defining its main characteristics and identifying the areas of greatest concentration in order to frame and contextualize the applications developed in this work.
The second chapter describes the characteristics and main components of a GIS referencing to the transports sector, as data modelling and the description of data analysis functions, focusing on the theme explored in the remaining chapters.
In the following application-focused chapters three issues, likely to demonstrate the potential use of GIS in the transport sector, have been chosen.
Chapter three takes a closer look to the data modelling and data visualization aspects ol information concerning traffic flow, illustrating some methods developed to visualize static and dynamic data related to daily mobility.
Chapter four carries out an overview on infomobility services, describing a dynamic routing approach designed to update traffic data in real time for the Swiss reality.
Finally, chapter five presents an application developed to create so-called time maps, discussing the construction of a series of maps produced for Switzerland which testimony/document the "shrinkage" of the country from 1950 to today. The data and the mathematical model used for the rescaling are described therein. |
| Note de contenu : |
Introduzione
Capitolo primo: IL SETTORE DEI TRASPORTI IN SVIZZERA
II settore dei trasporti e la situazione del traffico in Svizzera
Premessa
La domanda di trasporto: ieri e oggi a confronto
Scenari di evoluzione
Chi si occupa di traffico in Svizzera?
Inventario dei geodati esistenti riguardanti il settore dei trasporti
Banca dati Swisstopo
Banca dati STRADA-DB (ASTRA)
MicroDrive (MicroGIS SA)
Banca dati TeleAtlas
Banca datiNavTech Bibliografìa
Capitolo secondo: IGIS E LE APPLICAZIONI NEL SETTORE DEI TRASPORTI
Utilizzo dei GIS nel settore dei trasporti
Definizione di GIS
GIS-T
La delimitazione dell'area di studio e la zonizzazione
II modello dei dati relativo all'offerta di trasporto
Modello arco-nodo
LRS e la segmentazione dinamica
Alcuni esempi di modelli di offerta
La definizione delle componenti della domanda di obilità L'analisi dei dati
Interrogazioni
Overlay
Overlay pei tabelle di eventi
Spadal Join
Geocoding
Ricerca del percorso minimo (Shortestpath and routing)
Matrici origine/destinazione
Connettività della rete Visualizzazione dell'informazione Conclusioni
Bibliografia
Capitolo terzo: VISUALIZZAZIONE E ANALISI DELLA MOBILITÀ GIORNALIERA
La modellizzazione trasportistica
La simulazione
La stima della domanda di trasporto, alcuni approcci modellistici
Software di simulazione
Tipi di dati
utilizzati Utilizzo del microsimulatore MATSim-T
Descrizione tecnica
II sistema di offerta
I dati sulla popolazione e i piani delle attività giornaliere
La tabella eventi
I GIS come strumento dì visualizzazione e di analisi della mobilità
Finalità dell'analisi post-simulazione
Costruzione del modello logico
Distribuzione del volume dei flussi di traffico
L'analisi a ragnatela (spider analysis)
Distribuzione geografica delle attività
Confronto con dati reali
Elaborazione del prototipo
Conclusioni
Bibliografìa
Capitolo quarto: AGGIORNAMENTO IN TEMPO REALE DEI FLUSSI DI TRAFFICO
L'infomobilità e il controllo delle rotte
Impatto sui flussi di traffico della rete stradale
Fonti di dati utilizzate per l'applicazione
Rete stradale
Informazione sul traffico e metodologia TMC
Architettura dell'applicazione: alcuni aspetti tecnici
Decodifica del messaggio di Viasuisse
Localizzazione del disagio e aggiornamento della rete
Attualizzazione della rete stradale
Routinge internet
Risultati
Conclusioni
Bibliografìa
Capitolo quinto: LE CARTE DEL TEMPO
La relazione spazio-tempo in cartografìa
Visualizzare per creare conoscenza
Evoluzione storica
Le carte del tempo
Anamorfosi e cartogrammi
Soluzioni matematiche più recenti
Riflessioni sulle carte del tempo
La soluzione con il metodo dei minimi quadrati
Correzioni aggiuntive
Realizzazione delle carte del tempo
Utilizzo di LTOP
Realizzazione in ArcGIS
Dati storici impiegati
Risultati e commenti
Conclusioni e possibili sviluppi
Bibliografìa
Conclusioni |
| Numéro de notice : |
15460 |
| Affiliation des auteurs : |
non IGN |
| Thématique : |
GEOMATIQUE |
| Nature : |
Thèse étrangère |
| En ligne : |
http://dx.doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005711051 |
| Format de la ressource électronique : |
URL |
| Permalink : |
https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=62726 |
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Modelli GIS e visualizzazione di processi dinamici per reti di traffico (2009)
