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The consequences of urban transformation on net primary productivity in the United States / M.L. Imhoff in Remote sensing of environment, vol 89 n° 4 (29/02/2004)  

Public [article]  inRemote sensing of environment > vol 89 n° 4 (29/02/2004) . - pp 434 - 443 Titre : The consequences of urban transformation on net primary productivity in the United States Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : M.L. Imhoff, Auteur ; L. Bounoua, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2004 Article en page(s) : pp 434 - 443 Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Applications de télédétection [Termes IGN] bilan du carbone [Termes IGN] biogéographie [Termes IGN] biologie [Termes IGN] Etats-Unis [Termes IGN] photosynthèse [Termes IGN] production agricole [Termes IGN] urbanisation [Termes IGN] utilisation du sol [Termes IGN] variable biophysique (végétation) Résumé : (Auteur) We use data from two satellites and a terrestrial carbon model to quantify the impact of urbanization on the carbon cycle and food production in the US as a result of reduced net primary productivity (NPP). Our results show that urbanization is taking place on the most fertile lands and hence has a disproportionately large overall negative impact on NPP. Urban land transformation in the US has reduced the amount of carbon fixed through photosynthesis by 0.04 pg per year or 1.6% of the pre-urban input. The reduction is enough to offset the 1.8% gain made by the conversion of land to agricultural use, even though urbanization covers an area less than 3% of the land surface in the US and agricultural lands approach 29% of the total land area. At local and regional scales, urbanization increases NPP in resource-limited regions and through localized warming "urban heat" contributes to the extension of the growing season in cold regions. In terms of biologically available energy, the loss of NPP due to urbanization of agricultural lands alone is equivalent to the caloric requirement of 16.5 million people, or about 6% of the US population. Numéro de notice : A2004-070 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2003.10.015 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.10.015 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=26598 [article]

An introduction to numerical weather prediction techniques / T.N. Krishnamurti (1996)

Public Titre : An introduction to numerical weather prediction techniques Type de document : Monographie Auteurs : T.N. Krishnamurti, Auteur ; L. Bounoua, Auteur Mention d'édition : 1 Editeur : Boca Raton, New York, ... : CRC Press Année de publication : 1996 Importance : 293 p. Format : 24 x 16 cm + disquette ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-0-8493-8910-8 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Atmosphère [Termes IGN] analyse numérique [Termes IGN] circulation atmosphérique [Termes IGN] convection [Termes IGN] humidité de l'air [Termes IGN] modèle atmosphérique [Termes IGN] prévision météorologique [Termes IGN] transfert radiatif [Termes IGN] transformation de Fourier Résumé : (Editeur) This book is unique in the meteorological field as it presents for the first time theories and software of complex dynamical and physical processes required for numerical modeling. It was first prepared as a manual for the training of the World Meteorological Organization's programs at a similar level. This new book updates these exercises and also includes the latest data sets. This book covers important aspects of numerical weather prediction techniques required at an introductory level. These techniques, ranging from simple one-dimensional space derivative to complex numerical models, are first described in theory and for most cases supported by fully tested computational software. The text discusses the fundamental physical parameterizations needed in numerical weather models, such as cumulus convection, radiative transfers, and surface energy fluxes calculations. The book gives the user all the necessary elements to build a numerical model. An Introduction to Numerical Weather Prediction Techniques is rich in illustrations, especially tables showing outputs from each individual algorithm presented. Selected figures using actual meteorological data are also used. This book is primarily intended for senior-level undergraduates and first-year graduate students in meteorology. It is also excellent for individual scientists who wish to use the book for self-study. Scientists dealing with geophysical data analysis or predictive models will find this book filled with useful techniques and data-processing algorithms. Note de contenu : 1. Introduction 2. Finite Differences 2-1- Finite Difference Formulation 2-2- First Derivative 2-3- Second Derivative 2-4- The Laplacian Operator 2-5- The Jacobian Operator 2-6- Time Differencing 3. Calculation of Vertical Motion 3-1- Vertical Velocity from Irregularly Spaced Wind Data 3-2- Vertical Velocity from Regularly Spaced Wind Data 3-3- Vertical Velocity from the Quasi-Geostrophic Omega Equation 3-4- Multilevel Non-Linear Balance Omega Equation 3-5- Numerical Algorithms 4. Estimation of Streamfunctions, Velocity Potential, and Geopotential Height from the Wind Field 4-1- Relaxation Method 4-2- Fourier Transform Method 4-3- Geopotential Height from the Wind Field 5. Objective Analysis 5-1- Panofsky's Method, Polynomial Approach 2-2- Cressman's Method, Successive Corrections Technique 5-3- Barnes' Objective Analysis Scheme 5-4- Optimum Interpolation Technique 6. Basic Physical Concepts 6-1- Conversion of Moisture Variables 6-2- Determination of the Lifting Condensation Level (LCL) 6-3- Moist Adiabatic Profile 6-4- Convective Adjustment 6-5- A Simple Cloud Model 7. Cumulus Convection and Large Scale Condensation 7-1- Cumulus Convection 7-2- Arakawa-Schubert Cumulus Parameterization Scheme 7-3- Large Scale Condensation 8. Planetary Boundary Layer 8-1- Bulk Aerodynamic Calculation over Ocean and Land 8-2- Roughness Parameter 8-3- Surface Fluxes from Similarity Theory 8-4- Height of the Boundary Layer in an Unstable Situation 8-5- Height of the Boundary Layer in a Stable Situation 8-6- Vertical Distribution of Fluxes 9. Radiative Transfers 9-1- Longwave Radiation 9-2- Shortwave Radiation 9-3- Cloud Specification 9-4- Radiative Heat Balance at the Earth's Surface 9-5- The Code 10. The Barotropic Model 10-1- Dynamics of the Barotropic Model 10-2- Properties of Barotropic Flow 10-3- Barotropic Energy Exchange 10-4- Model Structure and Boundary Conditions 10-5- Treatment of the Advective Terms and Time Differencing Scheme 10-6- Initial Conditions 10-7- Description of the Code 11. The Single Level Primitive Equations Model 11-1- Dynamic of the Single Level Primitive Equations Model 11-2- Properties of the Single Level Primitive Equations Model 11-3- Model Structure and Boundary Conditions 11-4- Treatment of the Advective Terms and Time Differencing Scheme 11-5- Computation of the Forcing Functions 11-6- Initialization of the Single Level Primitive Equations Model 12. Data Sets for Numerical Weather Prediction 12-1- Rainfall Distribution from Outgoing Longwave Radiation 12-2- SSM/I based rain rates, wind speed, and total precipitable water 12-3- Normalized difference vegetation index 12-4- Fractional cloud cover 13. Model output diagnostics 13-1- Energy and energy transformation terms 13-2- On the computation of 4-Dimensional trajectories Numéro de notice : 19705 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Nature : Monographie Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=62868

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Code-barres	Cote	Support	Localisation	Section	Disponibilité
19705-01	47.50	Livre	Centre de documentation	En réserve M-103	Disponible