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Identifying map users with eye movement data from map-based spatial tasks: user privacy concerns / Hua Liao in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 49 n° 1 (January 2022)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 49 n° 1 (January 2022) . - pp 50 - 69 Titre : Identifying map users with eye movement data from map-based spatial tasks: user privacy concerns Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Hua Liao, Auteur ; Weihua Dong, Auteur ; Zhicheng Zhan, Auteur Année de publication : 2022 Article en page(s) : pp 50 - 69 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] auto-géolocalisation [Termes IGN] classification par forêts d'arbres décisionnels [Termes IGN] comportement [Termes IGN] confidentialité [Termes IGN] identité [Termes IGN] lecture de carte [Termes IGN] oculométrie [Termes IGN] orientation [Termes IGN] partage de données localisées [Termes IGN] protection de la vie privée [Termes IGN] utilisateur [Termes IGN] visualisation cartographique [Vedettes matières IGN] Cartologie Résumé : (auteur) Individuals with different characteristics exhibit different eye movement patterns in map reading and wayfinding tasks. In this study, we aim to explore whether and to what extent map users’ eye movements can be used to detect who created them. Specifically, we focus on the use of gaze data for inferring users’ identities when users are performing map-based spatial tasks. We collected 32 participants’ eye movement data as they utilized maps to complete a series of self-localization and spatial orientation tasks. We extracted five sets of eye movement features and trained a random forest classifier. We used a leave-one-task-out approach to cross-validate the classifier and achieved the best identification rate of 89%, with a 2.7% equal error rate. This result is among the best performances reported in eye movement user identification studies. We evaluated the feature importance and found that basic statistical features (e.g. pupil size, saccade latency and fixation dispersion) yielded better performance than other feature sets (e.g. spatial fixation densities, saccade directions and saccade encodings). The results open the potential to develop personalized and adaptive gaze-based map interactions but also raise concerns about user privacy protection in data sharing and gaze-based geoapplications. Numéro de notice : A2022-018 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1080/15230406.2021.1980435 Date de publication en ligne : 06/10/2021 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2021.1980435 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=99161 [article]

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What is the difference between augmented reality and 2D navigation electronic maps in pedestrian wayfinding? / Weihua Dong in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 48 n° 3 (May 2021)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 48 n° 3 (May 2021) . - pp 225 - 240 Titre : What is the difference between augmented reality and 2D navigation electronic maps in pedestrian wayfinding? Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Weihua Dong, Auteur ; Yulin Wu, Auteur ; Tong Qin, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2021 Article en page(s) : pp 225 - 240 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] analyse comparative [Termes IGN] analyse géovisuelle [Termes IGN] carte électronique [Termes IGN] cognition [Termes IGN] itinéraire piétionnier [Termes IGN] navigation pédestre [Termes IGN] oculométrie [Termes IGN] réalité augmentée [Termes IGN] visualisation 2D [Vedettes matières IGN] Cartologie Résumé : (auteur) Augmented reality (AR) navigation aids have become widely used in pedestrian navigation, yet few studies have verified their usability from the perspective of human spatial cognition, such as visual attention, cognitive processing, and spatial memory. We conducted an empirical study in which smartphone-based AR aids were compared with a common two-dimensional (2D) electronic map. We conducted eye-tracking wayfinding experiments, in which 73 participants used either a 2D electronic map or AR navigation aids. We statistically compared participants’ wayfinding performance, visual attention, and route memory between two groups (AR and 2D map navigation aids). The results showed their wayfinding performance did not differ significantly. Regarding visual attention, the participants using AR tended to have significantly shorter fixation durations, greater saccade amplitudes, and smaller pupil sizes on average than the 2D map participants, which indicates lower average cognitive workloads throughout the wayfinding process. Considering attention on environmental objects, the participants using AR paid less visual attention to buildings but more to persons than the participants using 2D maps. Sketched routes results revealed that it was more difficult for AR participants to form a clear memory of the route. The aim of this study is to inspire more usability research on AR navigation. Numéro de notice : A2021-510 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1080/15230406.2021.1871646 Date de publication en ligne : 02/02/2021 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2021.1871646 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=97532 [article]

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Comparing pedestrians’ gaze behavior in desktop and in real environments / Weihua Dong in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, Vol 47 n° 5 (September 2020)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > Vol 47 n° 5 (September 2020) . - pp 432 - 451 Titre : Comparing pedestrians’ gaze behavior in desktop and in real environments Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Weihua Dong, Auteur ; Hua Liao, Auteur ; Bing Liu, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2020 Article en page(s) : pp 432 - 451 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] analyse comparative [Termes IGN] analyse visuelle [Termes IGN] comportement [Termes IGN] espace urbain [Termes IGN] lecture de carte [Termes IGN] monde virtuel [Termes IGN] navigation pédestre [Termes IGN] oculométrie [Termes IGN] piéton [Termes IGN] test statistique [Termes IGN] travail [Termes IGN] vision par ordinateur [Vedettes matières IGN] Géovisualisation Résumé : (auteur) This research is motivated by the widespread use of desktop environments in the lab and by the recent trend of conducting real-world eye-tracking experiments to investigate pedestrian navigation. Despite the existing significant differences between the real world and the desktop environments, how pedestrians’ visual behavior in real environments differs from that in desktop environments is still not well understood. Here, we report a study that recorded eye movements for a total of 82 participants while they were performing five common navigation tasks in an unfamiliar urban environment (N = 39) and in a desktop environment (N = 43). By analyzing where the participants allocated their visual attention, what objects they fixated on, and how they transferred their visual attention among objects during navigation, we found similarities and significant differences in the general fixation indicators, spatial fixation distributions and attention to the objects of interest. The results contribute to the ongoing debate over the validity of using desktop environments to investigate pedestrian navigation by providing insights into how pedestrians allocate their attention to visual stimuli to accomplish navigation tasks in the two environments. Numéro de notice : A2020-488 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1080/15230406.2020.176251 Date de publication en ligne : 29/05/2020 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2020.1762513 Format de la ressource électronique : url article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=95658 [article]

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Comparing the roles of landmark visual salience and semantic salience in visual guidance during indoor wayfinding / Weihua Dong in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 47 n° 3 (May 2020)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 47 n° 3 (May 2020) . - pp 229 - 243 Titre : Comparing the roles of landmark visual salience and semantic salience in visual guidance during indoor wayfinding Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Weihua Dong, Auteur ; Tong Qin, Auteur ; Hua Liao, Auteur Année de publication : 2020 Article en page(s) : pp 229 - 243 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] analyse visuelle [Termes IGN] interprétation (psychologie) [Termes IGN] oculométrie [Termes IGN] point de repère [Termes IGN] questionnaire [Termes IGN] saillance [Termes IGN] scène intérieure [Termes IGN] segmentation sémantique [Termes IGN] test statistique [Termes IGN] vision [Termes IGN] vision par ordinateur [Vedettes matières IGN] Géovisualisation Résumé : (auteur) Landmark visual salience (characterized by features that contrast with their surroundings and visual peculiarities) and semantic salience (characterized by features with unusual or important meaning and content in the environment) are two important factors that affect an individual’s visual attention during wayfinding. However, empirical evidence regarding which factor dominates visual guidance during indoor wayfinding is rare, especially in real-world environments. In this study, we assumed that semantic salience dominates the guidance of visual attention, which means that semantic salience will correlate with participants’ fixations more significantly than visual salience. Notably, in previous studies, semantic salience was shown to guide visual attention in static images or familiar scenes in a laboratory environment. To validate this assumption, first, we collected the eye movement data of 22 participants as they found their way through a building. We then computed the landmark visual and semantic salience using computer vision models and questionnaires, respectively. Finally, we conducted correlation tests to verify our assumption. The results failed to validate our assumption and show that the role of salience in visual guidance in a real-world wayfinding process is different from the role of salience in perceiving static images or scenes in a laboratory. Visual salience dominates visual attention during indoor wayfinding, but the roles of salience in visual guidance are mixed across different landmark classes and tasks. The results provide new evidence for understanding how pedestrians visually interpret landmark information during real-world indoor wayfinding. Numéro de notice : A2020-169 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1080/15230406.2019.1697965 Date de publication en ligne : 18/12/2019 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2019.1697965 Format de la ressource électronique : url article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=94841 [article]

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Measuring the influence of map label density on perceived complexity: a user study using eye tracking / Liao Hua in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 46 n° 3 (May 2019)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 46 n° 3 (May 2019) . - pp 210 - 227 Titre : Measuring the influence of map label density on perceived complexity: a user study using eye tracking Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Liao Hua, Auteur ; Wang Xueyuan, Auteur ; Weihua Dong, Auteur ; Liqiu Meng, Auteur Année de publication : 2019 Article en page(s) : pp 210 - 227 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] analyse de données [Termes IGN] complexité de la carte [Termes IGN] densité d'information [Termes IGN] oculométrie [Vedettes matières IGN] Cartologie Résumé : (Auteur) We combine eye tracking and a questionnaire-based approach to explore the influence of label density on the perceived visual complexity of maps. We design two experiments in which participants are asked to search for the names of point features on maps and to rate the map complexity and legibility for different label densities. Specifically, we conduct a highly controlled experiment in which all the map variables except the label density are held constant (the controlled experiment). Then, we conduct a second experiment following the same protocol but using real maps as visual stimuli (the real-map experiment) to verify if the results of the controlled experiment were applicable to real maps. The results of both experiments indicate a significantly positive correlation between perceived visual complexity and label density and between the response time in visual search tasks and label density. Surprisingly, we observe a significant inverse correlation between the label density and two eye movement parameters (fixation duration and fixation frequency) between the two experiments. We discuss how the variables of real maps might have affected these eye movement parameters and why the results of the two experiments are inconsistent. Our findings suggest that eye tracking parameters are not reliable indicators of map complexity. These empirical results can be helpful to future map design and map complexity investigation. Numéro de notice : A2019-092 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1080/15230406.2018.1434016 Date de publication en ligne : 12/02/2018 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2018.1434016 Format de la ressource électronique : URL Article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=92337 [article]

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Inferring user tasks in pedestrian navigation from eye movement data in real-world environments / Hua Liao in International journal of geographical information science IJGIS, Vol 33 n° 3-4 (March - April 2019)  

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Using eye tracking to explore differences in map-based spatial ability between geographers and non-geographers / Weihua Dong in ISPRS International journal of geo-information, vol 7 n° 9 (September 2018)  

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Assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of map colour for colour impairments using an eye-tracking approach / Weihua Dong in Cartographic journal (the), Vol 53 n° 2 (May 2016)  

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Eye tracking to explore the potential of enhanced imagery basemaps in web mapping / Weihua Dong in Cartographic journal (the), vol 51 n° 4 (November 2014)  

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Effectiveness and efficiency of map symbols for dynamic geographic information visualization / Weihua Dong in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 39 n° 2 (April 2012)  

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