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Visualisation of qualitative locations in geographic information systems / X. Yao in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005) . - pp 219 - 229 Titre : Visualisation of qualitative locations in geographic information systems Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : X. Yao, Auteur ; Bin Jiang, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 219 - 229 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Cartographie numérique [Termes IGN] carte interactive [Termes IGN] incertitude des données [Termes IGN] position directe [Termes IGN] position indirecte [Termes IGN] système d'information géographique [Termes IGN] traitement interactif [Termes IGN] visualisation cartographique Résumé : (Auteur) A qualitative location (QL) refers to the reference of a spatial location using linguistic terms such as qualitative descriptions and qualitative spatial relations with other geo-referenced features. Qualitative locations will be increasingly more popular in the future, driven by theoretical, technological, and database developments. Multiplicity and uncertainty are two innate characteristics of QLs. In other words, a QL often has multiple target locations (multiplicity), and the target locations sometimes cannot be pinpointed exactly due to the qualitative nature (uncertainty) of the qualitative descriptions and relations. The presence of the characteristics imposes research challenges on visualization of QL in geographic information systems (GIS). In response to the visualization challenges we discuss four strategies-namely proportional symbol mapping, fog map, fuzzy 3D surface, and fuzzy-logic-based animation-for the visualization of QL referents in GIS. These strategies combine conventional mapping and advanced interactive visualization methods. Each of them is suitable for one or more scenarios, depending on the presence of either one or both of the two characteristics. Numéro de notice : A2005-528 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304005775194683 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304005775194683 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27664 [article]

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Gradation as a communication device in area-class maps / B. Kronenfeld in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005) . - pp 231 - 241 Titre : Gradation as a communication device in area-class maps Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : B. Kronenfeld, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 231 - 241 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] carte choroplèthe [Termes IGN] cartologie [Termes IGN] communication cartographique [Termes IGN] échelle d'intensité [Vedettes matières IGN] Cartologie Résumé : (Auteur) This paper proposes a methodology to assess gradation as a cartographic tool for communicating information in area-class maps. The communication model is used as a theoretical foundation, suggesting distinction between errors that occur in encoding and decoding of geographic information. The proposed methodology begins with the determination of a target level of encoding error. Map alternatives are constrained to achieve this target, with gradation considered as one variable in the map production process. The result is a series of maps of equal encoding accuracy but varying in the degree of gradation represented. The individual maps of the series can then be evaluated in terms of decoding accuracy. The methodology is demonstrated by producing a series of alternative forest region maps of New York, Pennsylvania, and New jersey based on U.S. Forest Service data on tree genus distributions. The series ranges from a 4-class graded area-class map to a 13-class crisp map. The results show gradation to be a viable alternative to the proliferation of map classes as a means of cartographic communication. Numéro de notice : A2005-529 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304005775194719 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304005775194719 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27665 [article]

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Combining usability techniques to design geovisualization tools for epidemiology / Antony C. Robinson in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005) . - pp 243 - 255 Titre : Combining usability techniques to design geovisualization tools for epidemiology Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Antony C. Robinson, Auteur ; J. Chen, Auteur ; E.J. Lengerich, Auteur ; H.G. Meyer, Auteur ; Alan M. MacEachren, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 243 - 255 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Systèmes d'information géographique [Termes IGN] analyse spatio-temporelle [Termes IGN] épidémie [Termes IGN] exploration de données géographiques [Termes IGN] logiciel de visualisation [Termes IGN] outil d'aide à la décision [Termes IGN] visualisation de données Résumé : (Auteur) Designing usable geovisualization tools is an emerging problem in GIScience software development. We are often satisfied that a new method provides an innovative window on our data, but functionality alone is insufficient assurance that a tool is applicable to a problem in situ. As extensions of the static methods they evolved from, geovisualization tools are bound to enable new knowledge creation. We have yet to learn how to adapt techniques from interaction designers and usability experts toward our tools in order to maximize this ability. This is especially challenging because there is limited existing guidance for the design of usable geovisualization tools. Their design requires knowledge about the context of work within which they will be used, and should involve user input at all stages, as is the practice in any human-centered design effort. Toward that goal, we have employed a wide range of techniques in the design of ESTAT, an exploratory geovisualization toolkit for epidemiology. These techniques include : verbal protocol analysis, card-sorting, focus groups, and an in-depth case study. This paper reports the design process and evaluation results from our experience with the ESTAT toolkit. Numéro de notice : A2005-530 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE/INFORMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304005775194700 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304005775194700 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27666 [article]

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Generalization services on the web: classification and an initial prototype implementation / Dirk Burghardt in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005) . - pp 257 - 268 Titre : Generalization services on the web: classification and an initial prototype implementation Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Dirk Burghardt, Auteur ; Moritz Neun, Auteur ; Robert Weibel, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 257 - 268 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] cartographie par internet [Termes IGN] généralisation à la volée [Termes IGN] généralisation cartographique automatisée [Termes IGN] implémentation (informatique) [Termes IGN] Jump [Termes IGN] service web géographique [Termes IGN] Web Map Service [Vedettes matières IGN] Généralisation Résumé : (Auteur) Much progress has been made in the field of web-based cartography through standards developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). While automated access and presentation of cartographic data have been defined, the services for automated generalization are yet to be standardized. This paper aims to show advantages of applying the service concept to generalization and suggests several classification schemas of generalization services at different levels of granularity. A detailed explanation of a real implemented Generalization Service is provided. We show how software developers can make their generalization functionality available as a service and how these services can be accessed dynamically. For the implementation, the open source java Unified Mapping Platform (JUMP) was extended to work as a framework for generalization. Generalization services could be used in different application scenarios, for instance as a middleware component extending a web map service with adaptive zooming or as stand-alone services supporting the production of topographic maps by national mapping agencies. They may also allow the development of a common research platform, where researchers would have access to a common generalization framework. Numéro de notice : A2005-531 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304005775194665 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304005775194665 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27667 [article]

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The role of Web features et and Web Map Services in real-time geospatial data sharing for time-critical applications / C. Zhang in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005) . - pp 269 - 283 Titre : The role of Web features et and Web Map Services in real-time geospatial data sharing for time-critical applications Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : C. Zhang, Auteur ; W. Li, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 269 - 283 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Information géographique [Termes IGN] diffusion de données [Termes IGN] données localisées [Termes IGN] gestion de crise [Termes IGN] implémentation (informatique) [Termes IGN] objet cartographique [Termes IGN] partage de données localisées [Termes IGN] prototype [Termes IGN] temps réel [Termes IGN] Web Feature Service [Termes IGN] Web Map Service Résumé : (Auteur) Many time-critical applications such as emergency response, location-based services, and real time traffic management need instant access to diverse data to make quick decisions and take instantaneous actions. However, two issues block time-critical applications to quickly acquire and integrate spatial data over the web: (1) the heterogeneity of existing GIS systems, and (2) the filelevel data sharing systems over the web. This research examines current open standards, protocols, and technologies capable of solving the two issues for real-time spatial data sharing over the web. Focusing on investigating the role of Web Feature Services (WFS) and Web Map Services (WMS), this research has developed a solution for real-time geospatial data sharing at the feature level over the web. A prototype has been implemented to query, extract, create, delete, update, and map geographic features stored in web-accessible OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) simple feature datastores for transportation emergency applications. The prototype results show that the OGC WFS and WMS play important roles in real-time geospatial data sharing and exchange from heterogeneous sources at the feature level for time-critical applications. The WFS and WMS eliminate time-consuming data translation and facilitate re-use of existing geospatial data over the web. Several issues related to the solution are also discussed in the paper. Numéro de notice : A2005-532 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304005775194728 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304005775194728 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27668 [article]

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Map design evaluation for mobile display / J. Dillemuth in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005) . - pp 285 - 301 Titre : Map design evaluation for mobile display Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : J. Dillemuth, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 285 - 301 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Cartographie numérique [Termes IGN] appareil portable [Termes IGN] carte topographique [Termes IGN] conception cartographique [Termes IGN] ordinateur de poche [Termes IGN] ordinateur portable [Termes IGN] petit écran [Termes IGN] photographie aérienne [Termes IGN] représentation cartographique [Termes IGN] téléphonie mobile [Termes IGN] utilisateur Résumé : (Auteur) How to effectively represent spatial information on handheld mobile devices is a key question, given the increasing use of personal digital assistants (PDAs) and cell phones concurrent with the development of location-based services. The mobile use of digital maps on small displays presents new capabilities and challenges that differ from using paper maps in a mobile setting or viewing digital maps on a desktop computer. This research addresses these issues through a study that evaluated maps on a mobile device used for a field-based navigation task. Map representations at two levels of generalization were compared by analyzing subject performance in a pedestrian route-following task, in which a handheld computer was used as a navigation aid. Subject time and accuracy as well as interaction with the mobile device during the task were measured. The results carry implications for map design for small, mobile displays and identify factors that affect the use of maps while moving. Maps are and will increasingly be used on small displays in mobile contexts for a variety of purposes and in many different environments. The requirements and preferences of mobile users, as well as how these maps are used in different contexts, must be understood in order to inform more effective designs. Numéro de notice : A2005-533 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304005775194773 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304005775194773 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27669 [article]

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Towards a 3D feature overlay through a tetrahedral mesh data structure / Edward Verbree in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005) . - pp 303 - 314 Titre : Towards a 3D feature overlay through a tetrahedral mesh data structure Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Edward Verbree, Auteur ; A. Van Der Most, Auteur ; W. Quak, Auteur ; Peter J. M. Van Oosterom, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 303 - 314 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Bases de données localisées [Termes IGN] géomètrie algorithmique [Termes IGN] objet géographique 3D [Termes IGN] structure de données localisées [Termes IGN] superposition [Termes IGN] tessellation Résumé : (Auteur) The use of 3D features within GIS bas been increasing due to the need to represent, query, manipulate, and analyse man-made objects in relationship to other 3D features related to the surface of the earth. This will yield an increased use of 3D boundary representations of the features. The spatial relationship between two or more features is often evaluated using a geometrical overlay of these features, which reveals whether these features overlap and-if they do-to which extent. We present the design of a 3D overlay algorithm which overlays 3D triangulated boundary representations through a constrained tetrahedral mesh. The intersections between the constrained facets of the 3D features are calculated on the fly and within a restricted neighbourhood. We can identify and reconstruct the overlaid parts of the 3D boundary representation within the tetrahedral mesh. The implementation is based on the Computational Geometry Algorithms Library, which proved to have the functionality needed but also has its limitations. Numéro de notice : A2005-534 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE/INFORMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304005775194791 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304005775194791 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27670 [article]

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A prototype temporal GIS for multiple spatio-temporal representations / Y. Le in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005) . - pp 315 - 329 Titre : A prototype temporal GIS for multiple spatio-temporal representations Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Y. Le, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 315 - 329 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Bases de données localisées [Termes IGN] données spatiotemporelles [Termes IGN] modèle conceptuel de données spatio-temporelles [Termes IGN] prototype [Termes IGN] représentation multiple [Termes IGN] requête spatiotemporelle [Termes IGN] système d'information géographique Résumé : (Auteur) Development of a temporal geographic information system (GIS) and spatio-temporal data modelling are key to incorporating time into geographic information science. This paper describes how to design and develop temporal GIS that will work with spatio-temporal data represented in various data models, and it introduces a prototype temporal GIS with a case study. In temporal GIS, the integration of multiple spatio-temporal representations is based on common spatial and temporal reference systems. In other words, a map window of temporal GIS visualizes spatio-temporal data valid at the same time within one spatial area. To achieve such visualization, separate data editing and query modules are required for each spatio-temporal data model (STDM). In the temporal query interface, aliter a user specifies a time, the system automatically hires correspondent modules to retrieve spatio-temporal data valid at that time. Besides temporal queries common to all STDMs, each module may provide additional temporal query capabilities specific to that STDM. In the case study, I implement a prototype temporal GIS for three STDMs. The examples of query and visualization, which use three datasets (census data, land use/land cover, and elevation data) demonstrate the prototype temporal GIS can integrate multiple temporal representations. Numéro de notice : A2005-535 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE/INFORMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304005775194737 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304005775194737 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27671 [article]

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Variable-scale topological data structures suitable for progressive data transfer: the gap-face tree and gap-edge forest / Peter J. M. Van Oosterom in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005) . - pp 331 - 346 Titre : Variable-scale topological data structures suitable for progressive data transfer: the gap-face tree and gap-edge forest Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Peter J. M. Van Oosterom, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 331 - 346 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Bases de données localisées [Termes IGN] arbre (mathématique) [Termes IGN] architecture client-serveur [Termes IGN] échelle variable [Termes IGN] généralisation cartographique automatisée [Termes IGN] modèle topologique de données [Termes IGN] transmission de données Résumé : (Auteur) This paper presents the first data structure for a variable scale representation of an area partitioning without redundancy of geometry. At the highest level of detail, the areas are represented using a topological structure based on faces and edges; there is no redundancy of geometry in this structure as the shared boundaries (edges) between neighbour areas are stored only once. Each edge is represented by a Binary Line Generalization (BLG)-tree, which enables selection of the proper representation for a given scale. Further, there is also no geometry redundancy between the different levels of detail. An edge at a higher importance level (less detail) does not contain copies of the lower-level edges or coordinates (more detail), but it is represented by efficiently combining their corresponding BLG trees. Which edges have to be combined follows from the generalization computation, and this is stored in a data structure. This data structure turns out to be a set of trees, which will be called the (Generalized Area Partitioning) GAP-edge forest. With regard to faces, the generalization result can be captured in a single tree structure for the parent-child relationships - the GAP face-tree. At the client side there are no geometric computations necessary to compute the polygon representations of the faces, merely following the topological references is sufficient. Finally, the presented data structure is also suitable for progressive transfer of vector maps, assuming that the client maintains a local copy of the GAP-face tree and the GAP-edge forest. Numéro de notice : A2005-536 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET/GEOMATIQUE/INFORMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304005775194782 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304005775194782 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27672 [article]

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Supporting the comparison of choropleth maps using an evolutionary algorithm / N. Xiao in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005) . - pp 347 - 358 Titre : Supporting the comparison of choropleth maps using an evolutionary algorithm Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : N. Xiao, Auteur ; Marc P. Armstrong, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 347 - 358 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Cartographie [Termes IGN] analyse comparative [Termes IGN] carte choroplèthe [Termes IGN] carte synthétique [Termes IGN] données statistiques [Termes IGN] optimisation (mathématiques) [Termes IGN] visualisation Résumé : (Auteur) Choropleth maps can be used to compare the patterns exhibited by different spatial variables. In this paper, we develop an evolutionary algorithm that can be used to generate classifications that allow a user to explore the spatial patterns of multiple choropleth maps in terms of their visual correlation and the equality of area contained in each class. Synthetic and census data are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. Numéro de notice : A2005-537 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304005775194755 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304005775194755 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27673 [article]

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Exploring the hidden potential of common spatial data models to visualize uncertainty / J. Kardos in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005) . - pp 359 - 367 Titre : Exploring the hidden potential of common spatial data models to visualize uncertainty Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : J. Kardos, Auteur ; Antoni B. Moore, Auteur ; G.L. Benwell, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 359 - 367 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Bases de données localisées [Termes IGN] arbre quadratique [Termes IGN] incertitude des données [Termes IGN] modèle conceptuel de données localisées [Termes IGN] structure de données localisées [Termes IGN] visualisation Résumé : (Auteur) Common Spatial Data Models (SDMs) such the vector, raster, and quadtree have well understood and widely practiced conventions of storage and visualization. This paper explores what happens when the conventions of visualization are not strictly adhered to, and the SDMs are used in an atypical fashion. A framework based on a quasi similarity measure is presented, which quantifies (in terras of "distance") the relationship between the storage format and the visualization output, following an accepted protocol. This research used a transformation process (Tp) to define this distance. Then, the atypical use of the quadtree SDM to represent choropleth spatial boundary uncertainty and attribute uncertainty was quantified using the same framework. This research shows that if a SDM is used outside of its original context, then the distance between the storage format and its visual output can alter; in our case, the distance decreased. This result was interpreted as evidence for the creation of a new spatial data structure. The formalization of the relationship between an SDM and its visual output will be valuable for future exploration of the non-conventional visualization of common SDMs. Numéro de notice : A2005-538 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE/INFORMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304005775194827 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304005775194827 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27674 [article]

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An artificial-neural-network-based, constrained CA model for simulating urban growth / Q. Guan in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005) . - pp 369 - 380 Titre : An artificial-neural-network-based, constrained CA model for simulating urban growth Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Q. Guan, Auteur ; L. Wang, Auteur ; K.C. Clarke, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 369 - 380 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Applications SIG [Termes IGN] automate cellulaire [Termes IGN] croissance urbaine [Termes IGN] données localisées [Termes IGN] modèle mathématique [Termes IGN] occupation du sol [Termes IGN] Pékin (Chine) [Termes IGN] réseau neuronal artificiel [Termes IGN] simulation Résumé : (Auteur) Insufficient research has been done on integrating artificial-neural-network-based cellular automata (CA) models and constrained CA models, even though both types have been studied for several years. In this paper, a constrained CA model based on an artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to simulate and forecast urban growth. Neural networks can learn from available urban land-use geospatial data and drus deal with redundancy, inaccuracy, and noise during the CA parameter calibration. In the ANN-Urban-CA model we used, a two-layer Back-Propagation (BP) neural network bas been integrated into a CA model to seek suitable parameter values that match the historical data. Each cell's probability of urban transformation is determined by the neural network during simulation. A macro-scale socio-economic model was run together with the CA model to estimate demand to urban space in each period in the future. The total number of new urban cells generated by the CA model was constrained, taking such exogenous demands as population forecasts into account. Beijing urban growth between 1980 and 2000 was simulated using this model, and long-term (2001-2015) growth was forecast based on multiple socio-economic scenarios. The ANN-Urban-CA model was found capable of simulating and forecasting the complex and non-linear spatial-temporal process of urban growth in a reasonably short time, with less subjective uncertainty. Numéro de notice : A2005-539 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304005775194746 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304005775194746 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27675 [article]

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Design considerations for haptic and auditory map interfaces / M. Rice in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005) . - pp 381 - 391 Titre : Design considerations for haptic and auditory map interfaces Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : M. Rice, Auteur ; R. Daniel Jacobson, Auteur ; R.G. Golledge, Auteur ; D. Jones, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 381 - 391 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Cartographie [Termes IGN] carte auditive [Termes IGN] conception cartographique [Termes IGN] personne malvoyante Résumé : (Auteur) Communicating spatial information to the blind and visually impaired using maps and graphics presents many difficulties. Past research has offered advice to cartographers on topics such as tactile areal, point, and line symbolization; on perceptual problems related to dense linear features on tactile maps; and on the relationship between categorical data, measurement theory, and tactile discrimination. With this previous work as a foundation, we describe our research efforts with haptic and auditory maps-the Haptic Soundscapes Project. Haptic Soundscapes maps allow blind and visually-impaired individuals to feel map features through force feedback devices and hear auditory cues that add both redundant and complementary information. Recent experimental work by the authors has led to several recommended practices for cartographic data simplification, object size discrimination, shape identification, and general interface navigation. The authors also present haptic and auditory mapping examples to illustrate design ideas, algorithms, and technical requirements. Future prospects for automated haptic and auditory map creation are discussed and presented in the context of the past work in generating maps for the blind and visually impaired from cartographic data. Numéro de notice : A2005-540 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304005775194656 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304005775194656 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27676 [article]

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Assessing resampling accuracy of categorical data using random points / J.C. Seong in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005) . - pp 393 - 400 Titre : Assessing resampling accuracy of categorical data using random points Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : J.C. Seong, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 393 - 400 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Information géographique [Termes IGN] analyse comparative [Termes IGN] données maillées [Termes IGN] incertitude géométrique [Termes IGN] point de vérification [Termes IGN] précision des données [Termes IGN] projection [Termes IGN] rééchantillonnage Résumé : (Auteur) Tissot's Indicatrix and regular grids have been used for assessing map projection accuracies. Despite their broad applicability for accuracy assessment, they have limitations in quantifying resampling errors caused by map projections. This is due to the structural uncertainty with regard to the placement and pattern of grids. It is also difficult to calculate the absolute amount of resampling error in each projection. As an alternative to traditional testing methods, the use of random points was investigated. Specifically, random point generation, resampling with spherical block search algorithms, resampling accuracy with a perfect grid, and resampling accuracy with eight projections were investigated and are discussed here. Eight global referencing methods were tested: the equal-area cylindrical, sinusoidal, Mollweide, Eckert IV, Hammer-Aitoff, interrupted Goode homolosine, integerized sinusoidal projections, and the equal area global gridding with a fixed latitudinal metric distance. The resampling accuracy with a perfect grid is about 75 percent. Results showed the sinusoidal and the integerized sinusoidal projections and equal-area global gridding to achieve the highest accuracies. Numéro de notice : A2005-541 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304005775194764 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304005775194764 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27677 [article]

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Lidar elevation data for surface hydrologic modeling: resolution and representation issues / C. Barber in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005) . - pp 401 - 410 Titre : Lidar elevation data for surface hydrologic modeling: resolution and representation issues Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : C. Barber, Auteur ; A. Shortridge, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 401 - 410 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Photogrammétrie numérique [Termes IGN] données lidar [Termes IGN] modèle hydrographique [Termes IGN] modèle numérique de surface Résumé : (Auteur) This paper is concerned with the application of high spatial resolution elevation data derived from light detection and ranging technologies (lidar) to surface hydrologic modeling. In recent years, airborne lidar technology bas been employed to develop high accuracy digital elevation models (DEMs) with horizontal resolution on the order of a few meters. As with any spatial data product there are limits to the lidar's practical use that vary with the intended application. This paper considers potential issues and challenges for the use of lidar-derived DEMs in surface hydrologic modeling applications, such as characterizing flow direction and power, identifying sub-basins in a watershed, and calculating upstream contributing area and other variables. We compare results using conventional 30m DEMs and 6m lidar for a high relief study area and a low relief study area. Results are more comparable between these data sources, regardless of hydrologic operation, for the high relief area, while the similarity of results in the low relief area is dependent upon the particular operation. Post-processing on the lidar data successfully removed such flow obstacles as bridges that might have artificially impeded surface flow. An exploration of the effect of spatial resolution on results suggests that cell size is a more significant factor than production method. Numéro de notice : A2005-542 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304005775194692 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304005775194692 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27678 [article]

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A comparative analysis of areal interpolation methods / K. Hawley in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005)  

Public [article]  inCartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005) . - pp 411 - 423 Titre : A comparative analysis of areal interpolation methods Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : K. Hawley, Auteur ; Harold Moellering, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 411 - 423 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Analyse spatiale [Termes IGN] analyse comparative [Termes IGN] interpolation spatiale Résumé : (Auteur) Over the years many approaches to areal interpolation have been developed and utilized. They range from the simple 2-D areal weighing method which uses only the spatial Z variable being processed, to more sophisticated approaches which use auxiliary variable(s) to provide more specificity to the results. In the research reported here, four promising approaches are implemented and comparatively tested. These approaches have widely varying conceptual foundations, and different auxiliary variables, if used. The areal weighing reflects many earlier methods which assumes uniform distributions of the spatial Z variable, and does not use any auxiliary variable. Tobler's pycnophylactic method uses a volumetric preservation approach, which assumes spatial Z variable is heterogeneously distributed, but does not use any auxiliary variable. The traditional asymetric method of Wright is used with remote sensing spectral data of land use. Xie's road network hierarchically weighted interpolation uses the road network as the auxiliary variable, and assumes that population density is related to the class of the road, and to the density of the road network. The research design implemented here uses Census population distributions at different levels in the hierarchy as the source and target variables analysed. The source zone population is taken at the Census Tract level, and the target zones are specified at the Census Block Group level in the hierarchy. The first two tests use only the Census population Z data, and no auxiliary variables, whereas the next uses remotely sensed land use data as the auxiliary data variable, and the fourth test utilizes the road network hierarchy as the auxiliary variable. The paper reports on the findings from these tests, and then interprets them in a spatial setting in terms of accuracy and effectiveness. This research points to the network method as the most accurate of the areal interpolation methods tested in this research. Numéro de notice : A2005-543 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304005775194818 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304005775194818 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27679 [article]

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