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Review of code and phase biases in multi-GNSS positioning / Martin Håkansson in GPS solutions, vol 21 n° 3 (July 2017)  

Public [article]  inGPS solutions > vol 21 n° 3 (July 2017) . - pp 849 - 860 Titre : Review of code and phase biases in multi-GNSS positioning Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Martin Håkansson, Auteur ; Anna B. O. Jensen, Auteur ; Milan Horemuz, Auteur ; Gunnar Hedling, Auteur Année de publication : 2017 Article en page(s) : pp 849 - 860 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Traitement du signal [Termes IGN] code GNSS [Termes IGN] correction du signal [Termes IGN] données GNSS [Termes IGN] modèle ionosphérique [Termes IGN] phase GNSS [Termes IGN] positionnement par GNSS [Termes IGN] précision du positionnement [Termes IGN] récepteur GNSS [Termes IGN] résolution d'ambiguïté Résumé : (auteur) A review of the research conducted until present on the subject of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) hardware-induced phase and code biases is here provided. Biases in GNSS positioning occur because of imperfections and/or physical limitations in the GNSS hardware. The biases are a result of small delays between events that ideally should be simultaneous in the transmission of the signal from a satellite or in the reception of the signal in a GNSS receiver. Consequently, these biases will also be present in the GNSS code and phase measurements and may there affect the accuracy of positions and other quantities derived from the observations. For instance, biases affect the ability to resolve the integer ambiguities in Precise Point Positioning (PPP), and in relative carrier phase positioning when measurements from multiple GNSSs are used. In addition, code biases affect ionospheric modeling when the Total Electron Content is estimated from GNSS measurements. The paper illustrates how satellite phase biases inhibit the resolution of the phase ambiguity to an integer in PPP, while receiver phase biases affect multi-GNSS positioning. It is also discussed how biases in the receiver channels affect relative GLONASS positioning with baselines of mixed receiver types. In addition, the importance of code biases between signals modulated onto different carriers as is required for modeling the ionosphere from GNSS measurements is discussed. The origin of biases is discussed along with their effect on GNSS positioning, and descriptions of how biases can be estimated or in other ways handled in the positioning process are provided. Numéro de notice : A2017-438 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article DOI : 10.1007/s10291-016-0572-7 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-016-0572-7 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=86348 [article]

New optimal smoothing scheme for improving relative and absolute accuracy of tightly coupled GNSS/SINS integration / Xiaohong Zhang in GPS solutions, vol 21 n° 3 (July 2017)  

Public [article]  inGPS solutions > vol 21 n° 3 (July 2017) . - pp 861 – 872 Titre : New optimal smoothing scheme for improving relative and absolute accuracy of tightly coupled GNSS/SINS integration Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Xiaohong Zhang, Auteur ; Feng Zhu, Auteur ; Xianlu Tao, Auteur ; Rui Duan, Auteur Année de publication : 2017 Article en page(s) : pp 861 – 872 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Navigation et positionnement [Termes IGN] algorithme de filtrage [Termes IGN] combinaison linéaire [Termes IGN] filtrage du signal [Termes IGN] positionnement inertiel [Termes IGN] positionnement par GNSS [Termes IGN] précision absolue [Termes IGN] précision relative [Termes IGN] système à couplage étroit [Termes IGN] test de performance Résumé : (auteur) For mobile surveying and mapping applications, tightly coupled integration of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and Strap down Inertial Navigation System is usually recommended for direct georeferencing since it can provide position, velocity, and attitude information at higher accuracy and better reliability in a self-contained manner. A post-mission smoothing method is applied to optimally use observation information of both systems and to overcome the shortcomings of Kalman filter in GNSS degraded environments. We propose the revised Rauch–Tung–Streibel Smoother (RTSS) and Forward–Backward combination (FBC) smoothing algorithms for tightly coupled integration. From the analysis and field test, it is found that RTSS smoothing mainly improves the relative accuracy, while FBC mainly contributes to the absolute accuracy. With the complementary characteristics of both smoothing algorithms, an optimal new smoothing scheme combining RTSS with FBC is built. The performance of these three smoothing algorithms is evaluated through a real vehicular test. Compared with RTSS and FBC smoothing algorithms, the new smoothing scheme improves the mean 3D position RMS and the mean 3D attitude RMS by 65.7 and 70%, respectively. It provides better accuracy and smoothness for the position, velocity, and attitude at the same time. Numéro de notice : A2017-439 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article DOI : 10.1007/s10291-017-0601-1 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-017-0601-1 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=86354 [article]

Study on GPS–PPP precision for short observation sessions / Stefano Gandolfi in GPS solutions, vol 21 n° 3 (July 2017)  

Public [article]  inGPS solutions > vol 21 n° 3 (July 2017) . - pp 887 – 896 Titre : Study on GPS–PPP precision for short observation sessions Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Stefano Gandolfi, Auteur ; Luca Tavasci, Auteur ; Luca Poluzzi, Auteur Année de publication : 2017 Article en page(s) : pp 887 – 896 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Navigation et positionnement [Termes IGN] coordonnées géodésiques [Termes IGN] Europe (géographie politique) [Termes IGN] GIPSY-OASIS [Termes IGN] positionnement ponctuel précis [Termes IGN] positionnement statique [Termes IGN] résolution d'ambiguïté [Termes IGN] station GNSS Résumé : (auteur) Precise point positioning is increasingly being used in geodetic applications that in many cases are based on static 24-hour RINEX files. Since there are many applications where sub-centimeter position accuracy is not required and users wish to use a single receiver and not be dependent on differential correction, we will evaluate PPP performance for static positioning with 12-, 6-, 3-, 1- and ½-h observations. We have, therefore, considered a dataset for the year 2013 from 14 European GNSS stations. The data were analyzed using GIPSY-OASIS II software package and evaluated in terms of repeatability of the coordinates and of coherence with the formal error indicated for each PPP solution. Particular attention was paid to solutions showing large discrepancies in coordinates. The test shows that PPP precision for the 24-h files is below 5 mm, but decreases slightly for the 12-, 6- and 3-h observation sets. For the 1-h and the ½-h RINEX files, precision is within 5 and 10 cm, respectively. The analysis is completed with a discussion on the impact of the ambiguity resolution that shows how it significantly improves only the easting component and moreover has a higher influence on the formal error rather than on the solutions. Lastly, the study contains an investigation into the reliability of the formal error associated with the PPP solutions. We show that the formal error can be used to identify incorrect solutions, but is not suitable to represent the real accuracy. For that reason, we propose to use the formal error given for the float solutions even for the ones with fixed ambiguities. Numéro de notice : A2017-440 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article DOI : 10.1007/s10291-016-0575-4 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-016-0575-4 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=86356 [article]

Impact of GPS differential code bias in dual- and triple-frequency positioning and satellite clock estimation / Haojun Li in GPS solutions, vol 21 n° 3 (July 2017)  

Public [article]  inGPS solutions > vol 21 n° 3 (July 2017) . - pp 897 – 903 Titre : Impact of GPS differential code bias in dual- and triple-frequency positioning and satellite clock estimation Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Haojun Li, Auteur ; Bofeng Li, Auteur ; Lizhi Lou, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2017 Article en page(s) : pp 897 – 903 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Géodésie spatiale [Termes IGN] code GPS [Termes IGN] erreur corrélée au temps [Termes IGN] erreur systématique [Termes IGN] géodésie spatiale [Termes IGN] GPS en mode différentiel [Termes IGN] positionnement ponctuel précis [Termes IGN] récepteur bifréquence [Termes IGN] récepteur trifréquence [Termes IGN] retard ionosphèrique Résumé : (auteur) The features and differences of various GPS differential code bias (DCB)s are discussed. The application of these biases in dual- and triple-frequency satellite clock estimation is introduced based on this discussion. A method for estimating the satellite clock error from triple-frequency uncombined observations is presented to meet the need of the triple-frequency uncombined precise point positioning (PPP). In order to evaluate the estimated satellite clock error, the performance of these biases in dual- and triple-frequency positioning is studied. Analysis of the inter-frequency clock bias (IFCB), which is a result of constant and time-varying frequency-dependent hardware delays, in ionospheric-free code-based (P1/P5) single point positioning indicates that its influence on the up direction is more pronounced than on the north and east directions. When the IFCB is corrected, the mean improvements are about 29, 35 and 52% for north, east and up directions, respectively. Considering the contribution of code observations to PPP convergence time, the performance of DCB(P1–P2), DCB(P1–P5) and IFCB in GPS triple-frequency PPP convergence is investigated. The results indicate that the DCB correction can accelerate PPP convergence by means of improving the accuracy of the code observation. The performance of these biases in positioning further verifies the correctness of the estimated dual- and triple-frequency satellite clock error. Numéro de notice : A2017-441 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article DOI : 10.1007/s10291-016-0578-1 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-016-0578-1 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=86358 [article]

Maintaining real-time precise point positioning during outages of orbit and clock corrections / Ahmed El-Mowafy in GPS solutions, vol 21 n° 3 (July 2017)  

Public [article]  inGPS solutions > vol 21 n° 3 (July 2017) . - pp 937 – 947 Titre : Maintaining real-time precise point positioning during outages of orbit and clock corrections Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Ahmed El-Mowafy, Auteur ; Manoj Deo, Auteur ; Nobuaki Kubo, Auteur Année de publication : 2017 Article en page(s) : pp 937 – 947 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Géodésie spatiale [Termes IGN] horloge [Termes IGN] International GNSS Service [Termes IGN] international GPS service for geodynamics [Termes IGN] interruption du signal [Termes IGN] orbitographie [Termes IGN] positionnement cinématique en temps réel [Termes IGN] positionnement ponctuel précis [Termes IGN] précision décimétrique [Termes IGN] prévision Résumé : (auteur) The precise point positioning (PPP) is a popular positioning technique that is dependent on the use of precise orbits and clock corrections. One serious problem for real-time PPP applications such as natural hazard early warning systems and hydrographic surveying is when a sudden communication break takes place resulting in a discontinuity in receiving these orbit and clock corrections for a period that may extend from a few minutes to hours. A method is presented to maintain real-time PPP with 3D accuracy less than a decimeter when such a break takes place. We focus on the open-access International GNSS Service (IGS) real-time service (RTS) products and propose predicting the precise orbit and clock corrections as time series. For a short corrections outage of a few minutes, we predict the IGS-RTS orbits using a high-order polynomial, and for longer outages up to 3 h, the most recent IGS ultra-rapid orbits are used. The IGS-RTS clock corrections are predicted using a second-order polynomial and sinusoidal terms. The model parameters are estimated sequentially using a sliding time window such that they are available when needed. The prediction model of the clock correction is built based on the analysis of their properties, including their temporal behavior and stability. Evaluation of the proposed method in static and kinematic testing shows that positioning precision of less than 10 cm can be maintained for up to 2 h after the break. When PPP re-initialization is needed during the break, the solution convergence time increases; however, positioning precision remains less than a decimeter after convergence. Numéro de notice : A2017-442 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article DOI : 10.1007/s10291-016-0583-4 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-016-0583-4 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=86360 [article]

Optimum stochastic modeling for GNSS tropospheric delay estimation in real-time / Tomasz Hadas in GPS solutions, vol 21 n° 3 (July 2017)  

Public [article]  inGPS solutions > vol 21 n° 3 (July 2017) . - pp 1069 – 1081 Titre : Optimum stochastic modeling for GNSS tropospheric delay estimation in real-time Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Tomasz Hadas, Auteur ; Felix Norman Teferle, Auteur ; Mathieu Kazmierski, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2017 Article en page(s) : pp 1069 – 1081 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Traitement du signal [Termes IGN] données GNSS [Termes IGN] optimisation spatiale [Termes IGN] prévision météorologique [Termes IGN] retard troposphérique [Termes IGN] retard troposphérique zénithal [Termes IGN] station GNSS Résumé : (auteur) In GNSS data processing, the station height, receiver clock and tropospheric delay (ZTD) are highly correlated to each other. Although the zenith hydrostatic delay of the troposphere can be provided with sufficient accuracy, zenith wet delay (ZWD) has to be estimated, which is usually done in a random walk process. Since ZWD temporal variation depends on the water vapor content in the atmosphere, it seems to be reasonable that ZWD constraints in GNSS processing should be geographically and/or time dependent. We propose to take benefit from numerical weather prediction models to define optimum random walk process noise. In the first approach, we used archived VMF1-G data to calculate a grid of yearly and monthly means of the difference of ZWD between two consecutive epochs divided by the root square of the time lapsed, which can be considered as a random walk process noise. Alternatively, we used the Global Forecast System model from National Centres for Environmental Prediction to calculate random walk process noise dynamically in real-time. We performed two representative experimental campaigns with 20 globally distributed International GNSS Service (IGS) stations and compared real-time ZTD estimates with the official ZTD product from the IGS. With both our approaches, we obtained an improvement of up to 10% in accuracy of the ZTD estimates compared to any uniformly fixed random walk process noise applied for all stations. Numéro de notice : A2017-443 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article DOI : 10.1007/s10291-016-0595-0 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-016-0595-0 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=86365 [article]

Multipath detection based on single orthogonal dual linear polarized GNSS antenna / Ke Zhang in GPS solutions, vol 21 n° 3 (July 2017)  

Public [article]  inGPS solutions > vol 21 n° 3 (July 2017) . - pp 1203–1211 Titre : Multipath detection based on single orthogonal dual linear polarized GNSS antenna Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Ke Zhang, Auteur ; Baiyu Li, Auteur ; Xiangwei Zhu, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2017 Article en page(s) : pp 1203–1211 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] antenne GNSS [Termes IGN] coordonnées géodésiques [Termes IGN] ligne de visée [Termes IGN] phase GNSS [Termes IGN] trajet multiple [Vedettes matières IGN] Traitement de données GNSS Résumé : (auteur) Based on the polarization difference between the multipath and the line-of-sight (LOS) signal, a method for multipath detection using a single antenna is proposed. The antenna has two channels to receive two orthogonal linear polarized components of the multipath and LOS signal, respectively. A hypothetical model of the antenna is employed such that the antenna patterns of the channels are assumed identical regarding amplitude and phase and are independent of azimuth. The antenna gain in the direction below the local horizon is assumed to be larger than in the direction toward LOS signals. Parallel cross-cancellation is used to remove the LOS signal from the received signals based on the magnitude and phase difference between the two orthogonal components. Then the residual signals are processed by a conventional digital processor of global navigation satellite system. The multipath can be detected by parallel cross-cancellation in the receiver in real time. The proposed method makes use of the polarization and spatial information of the multipath and LOS signal, and can detect short-delay multipath. Numéro de notice : A2017-445 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article DOI : 10.1007/s10291-017-0603-z En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-017-0603-z Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=86366 [article]

Robust GPS/BDS/INS tightly coupled integration with atmospheric constraints for long-range kinematic positioning / Houzeng Han in GPS solutions, vol 21 n° 3 (July 2017)  

Public [article]  inGPS solutions > vol 21 n° 3 (July 2017) . - pp 1285 – 1299 Titre : Robust GPS/BDS/INS tightly coupled integration with atmospheric constraints for long-range kinematic positioning Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Houzeng Han, Auteur ; Jian Wang, Auteur Année de publication : 2017 Article en page(s) : pp 1285 – 1299 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Géodésie spatiale [Termes IGN] BDS-INS [Termes IGN] GPS-INS [Termes IGN] incertitude de position [Termes IGN] modèle atmosphérique [Termes IGN] positionnement cinématique [Termes IGN] positionnement inertiel [Termes IGN] résolution d'ambiguïté [Termes IGN] signal BeiDou [Termes IGN] signal GNSS [Termes IGN] système à couplage étroit Résumé : (auteur) The combination of new global navigation satellite system (GNSS) has brought great benefits to reliable positioning and ambiguity resolution (AR), especially in restricted environments. However, kinematic positioning over long ranges is still a challenge due to the presence of significant atmospheric uncertainties, which contaminates the AR process. We present a tightly coupled strategy to integrate GNSS and inertial navigation system (INS) by adding ionospheric and tropospheric delay parameters and extending the stepwise AR by applying the partial ambiguity resolution (PAR) strategy. With the aid of INS predictions, the instantaneous AR can be achieved with the proposed atmospheric prediction model, along with a dual-frequency constraint ambiguity validation test. To remove the faults in both dynamic model and measurement model, a robust innovation filtering algorithm is proposed. A field vehicular test was conducted to validate the positioning performance of the proposed algorithm over long ranges. The results show that a reliable positioning solution is obtainable for the global positioning system (GPS)/BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS)/INS integration system with baseline larger than 130 km. The average number of fixable ambiguities reaches 14.43 by applying PAR. In addition, the fixing ratio of having fixed more than three ambiguities reaches 98.57%. The results also indicate that the robust innovation filtering can efficiently detect the discrepancies in the filter. Numéro de notice : A2017-446 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article DOI : 10.1007/s10291-017-0612-y En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-017-0612-y Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=86367 [article]

Real-time precise point positioning augmented with high-resolution numerical weather prediction model / Karina Wilgan in GPS solutions, vol 21 n° 3 (July 2017)  

Public [article]  inGPS solutions > vol 21 n° 3 (July 2017) . - pp 1341 – 1353 Titre : Real-time precise point positioning augmented with high-resolution numerical weather prediction model Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Karina Wilgan, Auteur ; Tomasz Hadas, Auteur ; Pawel Hordyniec, Auteur ; Jaroslaw Bosy, Auteur Année de publication : 2017 Article en page(s) : pp 1341 – 1353 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Applications de géodésie spatiale [Termes IGN] analyse diachronique [Termes IGN] Pologne [Termes IGN] positionnement ponctuel précis [Termes IGN] prévision météorologique [Termes IGN] propagation troposphérique [Termes IGN] réseau permanent EUREF [Termes IGN] retard troposphérique [Termes IGN] retard troposphérique zénithal [Termes IGN] station GNSS [Termes IGN] temps réel Résumé : (auteur) The tropospheric delay is one of the major error sources in precise point positioning (PPP), affecting the accuracy and precision of estimated coordinates and convergence time, which raises demand for a reliable tropospheric model, suitable to support PPP. In this study, we investigate the impact of three tropospheric models and mapping functions regarding position accuracy and convergence time. We propose a routine to constrain the tropospheric estimates, which we implemented in the in-house developed real-time PPP software. We take advantage of the high spatial resolution (4 × 4 km2) numerical weather prediction Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and near real-time GNSS data combined by the least-squares collocation estimation to reconstruct the tropospheric delays. We also present mapping functions calculated from the WRF model using the ray-tracing technique. The performance tests are conducted on 14 Polish EUREF Permanent Network (EPN) stations during 3 weeks of different tropospheric conditions: calm, standard and severe. We consider six GNSS data processing variants, including two commonly used variants using a priori ZTD and mapping functions from UNB3m and VMF1-FC models, one with a priori ZTD and mapping functions calculated directly from WRF model and three variants using the aforementioned mapping functions but with ZTD model based on GNSS and WRF data used as a priori troposphere and to constrain tropospheric estimates. The application of a high-resolution GNSS/WRF-based ZTD model and mapping functions results in the best agreement with the official EPN coordinates. In both static and kinematic modes, this approach results in an average reduction of 3D bias by 20 and 10 mm, respectively, but an increase of 3D SDs by 1.5 and 4 mm, respectively. The application of high-resolution tropospheric model also shortens the convergence time, for example, for a 10 cm convergence level, from 67 to 58 min for the horizontal components and from 79 to 63 min for the vertical component. Numéro de notice : A2017-444 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article DOI : 10.1007/s10291-017-0617-6 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-017-0617-6 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=86368 [article]