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Titre : GNSS/5G Hybridization for Urban Navigation Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Anne-Marie Tobie, Auteur ; Axel Javier Garcia Pena, Directeur de thèse ; Paul Thevenon, Directeur de thèse Editeur : Toulouse : Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées Année de publication : 2021 Importance : 287 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Note générale : Bibliographie
Thèse pour obtenir le doctorat de l'Université de Toulouse, Spécialité Informatique et TélécommunicationsLangues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Traitement du signal
[Termes IGN] 4G
[Termes IGN] 5G
[Termes IGN] bruit blanc
[Termes IGN] GNSS assisté pour la navigation
[Termes IGN] milieu urbain
[Termes IGN] modèle mathématique
[Termes IGN] positionnement en intérieur
[Termes IGN] positionnement par GNSS
[Termes IGN] signal Galileo
[Termes IGN] signal GPS
[Termes IGN] simulation de signal
[Termes IGN] temps de propagation
[Termes IGN] trajet multipleIndex. décimale : THESE Thèses et HDR Résumé : (Auteur) Over the past few years, the need for positioning, and thus the number of positioning services in general, has been in constant growth. This need for positioning has been increasingly focused on constrained environments, such as urban or indoor environments, where GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) is known to have significant limitations: multipath as well as the lack of Line-of-Sight (LOS) satellite visibility degrades the GNSS positioning solution and makes it unsuitable for some urban or indoor applications. In order to improve the GNSS positioning performance in constrained environments, many solutions are already available: hybridization with additional sensors, [1], [2] or the use of signals of opportunity (SoO) for example, [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]. Concerning SoO, mobile communication signals, such as the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 5G, are naturally envisioned for positioning, [3], [9], [10]. Indeed, a significant number of users are expected to be “connected-users” and 5G systems offers promising opportunities. 5G technology is being standardized at 3GPP [11]; the first complete release of 5G specifications, Release-15, was provided to the community in March 2018. 5G is an emerging technology and its positioning performance, as well as a potential generic receiver scheme to conduct positioning operations, is still under analysis. In order to study the potential capabilities provided by 5G systems and to develop a 5G-based generic positioning module scheme, the first fundamental step is to develop mathematical models of the processed 5G signals at each stage of the receiver for realistic propagation channel models: the mathematical expression of the useful received 5G signal as well as the AWG (Additive White Gaussian) noise statistics. In the Ph.D., the focus is given to the correlation operation which is the basic function implemented by typical ranging modules for 4G LTE signals [12], DVB signals [7], [8], and GNSS [13]. In fact, the knowledge of the correlation output mathematical model could allow for the development of optimal 5G signal processing techniques for ranging positioning. Previous efforts were made to provide mathematical models of received signals at the different receiver signal processing stages for signals with similar structures to 5G signals – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals as defined in 3GPP standard, [14]. OFDM signal-type correlator output mathematical model and acquisition techniques were derived in [7], [15]. Moreover, in [8], [15], tracking techniques were proposed, analyzed and tested based on the correlator output mathematical model of [7]. However, these models were derived by assuming a constant propagation channel over the duration of the correlation. Unfortunately, when the Channel Impulse Response (CIR) provided by a realistic propagation channel is not considered to be constant over the duration of the correlation, the correlator output mathematical models are slightly different from the mathematical models proposed in [7], [8]. Therefore, the first main point considered in the Ph.D. consists in the development of mathematical models and statistics of processed 5G signals for positioning. In order to derive accurate mathematical models, the time evolution impact of the 5G standard compliant propagation channel is of the utmost importance. Note that, in the Ph.D., the continuous CIR will be approximated by a discretized CIR, and the continuous time-evolution will be replaced by the propagation channel generation sampling rate notion. This approximation makes sense since, in a real transmission/reception chain, the received time-continuous signal is, at the output of the Radio-Frequency (RF) front-end, sampled. Therefore, a preliminary step, prior to derive accurate mathematical models of processed 5G signals, consists in determining the most suitable CIR-generation sampling interval for a selected 5G standard compliant propagation channel, QuaDRiGa: trade-off between having a realistic characterization and its complexity. Complexity is especially important for 5G compliant channels with multiple emitter and receiver antennas, and high number of multipath. Then, the impact of a time-evolving propagation channel inside an OFDM symbol duration is studied. A method to select the most appropriate CIR sampling interval for accurate modelling of symbol demodulation, correlator outputs and delay tracking will also be proposed. Based on the correlator output mathematical models developed for realistic multipath environments for both GNSS and 5G systems, ranging modules are then developed. These ranging modules outputs the pseudo ranging measurements required to develop navigation solution. In order to improve the positioning availability and GNSS positioning performance in urban environment through the exploitation of 5G signals, both systems, GNSS and 5G communication systems, must be optimally combined. In fact, in order to achieve this optimal combination, both types of signals must be optimally processed, and the mathematical model of their generated pseudo range measurements must be accurately characterized. The second main objective of the Ph.D. aims thus at realistically characterizing GNSS and 5G pseudo range measurement mathematical models and at developing hybrid navigation modules exploiting/adapted to the derived pseudo range measurements mathematical models. In order to validate, the mathematical models developed in the Ph.D., a simulator is designed. The pseudo range measurements mathematical models are derived from a realistic simulator which integrates a typical GNSS receiver processing module and a typical 5G signal processing module proposition; moreover, in order to achieve a realistic characterization, the simulator implements highly realistic propagation channels for GNSS, SCHUN [16], and for 5G, QuaDRiGa [17] is developed. The hybrid navigation modules to be implemented and compared in this work are an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). The performances of these hybrid navigation modules are then studied to quantify the improvements bringing by 5G TOA measurements. Note de contenu : 1- Introduction
2- GNSS signals, measurement model and positioning
3- 5G systems
4- Mathematical models and statistics of processed 5G signals for ranging based positioning for a realistic propagation channel
5- Synchronization module of a 5G signal
6- Characterization of pseudo range measurement errors due to propagation channels
7- Positioning in urban environment using 5G and GNSS measurements
8- ConclusionNuméro de notice : 26526 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT/URBANISME Nature : Thèse française Note de thèse : Thèse de Doctorat : Informatique et Télécommunications : Toulouse : 2021 Organisme de stage : Laboratoire de recherche ENAC nature-HAL : Thèse Date de publication en ligne : 09/04/2021 En ligne : https://hal.science/tel-03189527/ Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=97534 High accuracy terrestrial positioning based on time delay and carrier phase using wideband radio signals / Han Dun (2021)
Titre : High accuracy terrestrial positioning based on time delay and carrier phase using wideband radio signals Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Han Dun, Auteur Editeur : Delft [Pays-Bas] : Delft University of Technology Année de publication : 2021 Format : 21 x 30 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-94-6384-258-7 Note générale : bibliographie
Thèse présentée en vue de l'obtention du Doctorat de l'Université de DelftLangues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Traitement du signal
[Termes IGN] centre de phase
[Termes IGN] correction du trajet multiple
[Termes IGN] interruption du signal
[Termes IGN] méthode du maximum de vraisemblance (estimation)
[Termes IGN] phase
[Termes IGN] précision du positionnement
[Termes IGN] signal GNSS
[Termes IGN] zone urbaineIndex. décimale : THESE Thèses et HDR Résumé : (auteur) Accurate position solutions are in high demand for many emerging applications. Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), however, may not meet the required positioning performance, especially in urban environments, due to multipath and weak received power of the GNSS signal that can be easily blocked by surrounding objects. To achieve a high ranging precision and improve resolvability of unwanted reflections in urban areas, a large signal bandwidth is required. In this thesis, a terrestrial positioning system using a wideband radio signal is developed as a complement to the existing GNSS, which can provide a better ranging accuracy and higher received signal power, compared to GNSS. In the terrestrial positioning system presented in this thesis, a wideband ranging signal is implemented by means of a multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal. All transmitters are synchronized by time and frequency reference signals, which are optically distributed through the white-rabbit precision time protocol (WR-PTP). Like in GNSS, the to-be-positioned receiver is not synchronized to the transmitters. Positioning takes place through range measurements between a number of transmitters and the receiver. Time delay and carrier phase are to be estimated from the received radio signal, which propagated through a multipath channel. This estimation is done on the basis of the channel frequency response and using the maximum likelihood principle. To determine whether or not reflections need to be considered in the estimation model, a measure of dependence is introduced to evaluate the change of the precision (i.e., variance), and the measure of bias is introduced to assess the bias of the estimator when the reflection is not considered. Also, a methodology is proposed for sparsity-promoting ranging signal design in this thesis. Based on a multiband OFDM signal, ranging signal design comes to sparsely select as few signal bands as possible. Using fewer signal bands for ranging leads to less computational complexity in time delay and carrier phase estimation, while the ranging performance can still benefit from a large virtual signal bandwidth, which is defined by the entire bandwidth between the two signal bands at the spectral edges. It is proposed to use the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of time delay estimation, the measure of dependence, and the measure of bias as constraints in ranging performance, and formulate an optimization problem to design a sparse multiband signal. Note de contenu : 1- Introduction
2- Multiband OFDM signal model
3- Time delay estimation
4- Carrier phase estimation
5- Signal design for positioning
6- Positioning models
7- Experimental results
8- Conclusions and recommendationsNuméro de notice : 28694 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Thèse étrangère Note de thèse : Thèse de Doctorat : Mathematical Geodesy and Positioning : Delft : 2021 DOI : 10.4233/uuid:98a7f072-7423-4a23-ac9b-8b88540c260d En ligne : https://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:98a7f072-7423-4a23-ac9b-8b88540c260d Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=100361 Impact of forest disturbance on InSAR surface displacement time series / Paula M. Bürgi in IEEE Transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, vol 59 n° 1 (January 2021)
[article]
Titre : Impact of forest disturbance on InSAR surface displacement time series Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Paula M. Bürgi, Auteur ; Rowena B. Lohman, Auteur Année de publication : 2021 Article en page(s) : pp 128 - 138 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Traitement d'image radar et applications
[Termes IGN] changement d'occupation du sol
[Termes IGN] déboisement
[Termes IGN] détection de changement
[Termes IGN] détection du signal
[Termes IGN] erreur de phase
[Termes IGN] erreur systématique
[Termes IGN] image ALOS
[Termes IGN] image radar moirée
[Termes IGN] image Sentinel-SAR
[Termes IGN] retard ionosphèrique
[Termes IGN] retard troposphérique
[Termes IGN] série temporelle
[Termes IGN] Sumatra
[Termes IGN] surveillance géologiqueRésumé : (auteur) As interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data improve in their global coverage and temporal sampling, studies of ground deformation using InSAR are becoming feasible even in heavily vegetated regions such as the American Pacific Northwest (PNW) and Sumatra. However, ongoing forest disturbance due to logging, wildfires, or disease can introduce time-variable signals which could be misinterpreted as ground displacements. This study constrains the error introduced into InSAR time series in the presence of time-variable forest disturbance using synthetic data. For satellite platforms with randomly distributed orbital positions in time (e.g., Sentinel-1), mid-time series forest disturbance results in random error on the order of 0.2 and 10 cm/year for 1-year secular and time-variable velocities, respectively. If the orbital positions are not randomly distributed in time (e.g., ALOS-1), a biased error on the order of 10 cm/year is introduced to the inferred secular velocity. A time series using real ALOS-1 data near Eugene, OR, USA, shows agreement with the bias estimated by synthetic models. Mitigation of time-variable land cover change effects can be achieved if their timing is known, either through independent observations of surface properties (e.g., Landsat/Sentinel-2) or through the use of more computationally expensive, nonlinear inversions with additional terms for the timing of height changes. Inclusion of these additional terms reduces the potential for misinterpretation of InSAR signals associated with land surface change as ground deformation. Numéro de notice : A2021-032 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET/IMAGERIE Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.2020.2992938 Date de publication en ligne : 18/05/2020 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2020.2992938 Format de la ressource électronique : url article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=96727
in IEEE Transactions on geoscience and remote sensing > vol 59 n° 1 (January 2021) . - pp 128 - 138[article]Improving smartphone-based GNSS positioning using state space augmentation techniques / Francesco Darugna (2021)
Titre : Improving smartphone-based GNSS positioning using state space augmentation techniques Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Francesco Darugna, Auteur ; Steffen Schön, Directeur de thèse Editeur : Munich : Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften Année de publication : 2021 Collection : DGK - C, ISSN 0065-5325 num. 864 Importance : 189 p. Note générale : bibliographie
Diese Arbeit ist gleichzeitig veröffentlicht in:Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten der Fachrichtung Geodäsie und Geoinformatik der Universität Hannover - ISSN 0174-1454, Nr. 368, Hannover 2021Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Navigation et positionnement
[Termes IGN] antenne GNSS
[Termes IGN] étalonnage d'instrument
[Termes IGN] positionnement par GNSS
[Termes IGN] retard troposphérique zénithal
[Termes IGN] téléphone intelligentRésumé : (auteur) Low-cost receivers providing Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) pseudorange and carrier phase raw measurements for multiple frequencies and multiple GNSS constellations have become available on the market in the last years. This significantly has increased the number of devices equipped with the necessary sensors to perform precise GNSS positioning. GNSS pseudorange and carrier phase are used to compute user positions. While both observations are affected by different error sources, e.g. the passage through the atmosphere, only the carrier-phase has an ambiguous nature. The resolution of this ambiguity is a crucial factor to reach fast and highly precise GNSS-based positioning. Currently, several smartphones are equipped with a dual-frequency, multi-constellation receiver. The access to Android-based GNSS raw measurements has become a strong motivation to investigate the feasibility of smartphone-based high-accuracy positioning. The quality of smartphone GNSS measurements has been analyzed, suggesting that they often suffer from low signal-to-noise, inhomogeneous antenna gain and high levels of multipath. This workshows how to tackle several of the currently present obstacles and demonstrates centimeter-level positioning with a low-cost GNSS antenna and a low-cost GNSS receiver built into an off-the-shelf smartphone. Since the beginning of the research in smartphone-based positioning, the device’s GNSS antenna has been recognized as one of the main limitations. Besides Multipath (MP), the antenna radiation pattern is the main site-dependent error source of GNSS observations. An absolute antenna calibration has been performed for the dual-frequency smartphone HuaweiMate20X. Antenna Phase Center Offset (PCO), and Variations (PCV ) have been estimated to correct for the antenna impact on the L1 and L5 phase observations. Accordingly, the relevance of considering the individual PCO and PCV for the two frequencies is shown. The PCV patterns indicate absolute values up to 2 cm and 4 cm for L1 and L5, respectively. The impactof antenna corrections has been assessed in different multipath environments using a high-accuracy positioning algorithm employing an uncombined observation model and applying Ambiguity Resolution (AR). Experiments both in zero-baseline and short-baseline configurations have been performed. Instantaneous AR in the zero-baseline setup has been demonstrated, showing the potential for cm-level positioning with low-cost sensors available inside smartphones. In short-baselines configurations, no reliable AR is achieved without antenna corrections. However, after correcting for PCV, successful AR is demonstrated for a smartphone placed in a low multipath environment on the ground of a soccer field. For a rooftop open-skytest case with large multipath, AR was successful in 19 out of 35 data-sets. Overall, the antenna calibration is demonstrated being an asset for smartphone-based positioning with AR,showing cm-level 2D Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). In GNSS-based positioning, a user within a region covered by a network of reference stations can take advantage of the network-estimated augmentation parameters. Among the GNSS error sources, atmospheric delays have a strong impact on the positioning performance and the ability to resolve ambiguities. State Space Representation (SSR) atmospheric corrections, i.e. tropospheric and ionospheric delays, are commonly estimated for the approximate user position by interpolation from values calculated for the reference stations. Widely used interpolation techniques are Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), Ordinary Kriging (OK)and Weighted Least Squares (WLS). The interpolation quality of such techniques during severe weather events and Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs) is analyzed. To improve the interpolation performance during such events, modified WLS methods taking advantage of the physical atmospheric behavior are proposed. To support this interpolation approach, external information from Numerical Weather Models (NWM) for tropospheric interpolation and from TID modeling for ionospheric interpolation is introduced to the algorithms. The interpolation is assessed using simulated data (considering artificial and real network geometries), and real SSR parameters generated by network computation of GNSS measurements. As examples, two severe weather events in northern Europe in 2017 and one TID eventover Japan in 2019 have been analyzed. The interpolation of SSR Zenith Tropospheric Delay(ZTD) and ionospheric parameters is evaluated. Considering the reference station positions as rover locations, the modified WLS approach marks a lower RMSE in up to 80% of the cases during sharp weather fluctuations. Also, the average error can be decreased in 64% of the cases during the TID event investigated. Improvements up to factors larger than two are observed. Furthermore, specific cases are isolated, showing particular ZTD variations where significant errors (e.g. larger than 1 cm) can be reduced by up to 20% of the total amount. As a final product of the analysis, tropospheric and ionospheric messages are proposed. The messages contain the information needed to implement the suggested interpolation. Along with the need for accurate atmospheric models, the concept of consistency in the SSR corrections is crucial. A format that can transport all the SSR corrections estimated by a network is the Geo++ SSR format (SSRZ). Exploiting the features of the SSRZ format, the impact of an error in the transported ionospheric parameters is investigated. It is shown that the position estimation strongly depends on the ionospheric modeling and mismodeling can result in cm level errors, especially in the height component. Numéro de notice : 17182 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Thèse étrangère Note de thèse : Thesis : Geodäsie und Geoinformatik : Hanovre : 2021 En ligne : https://dgk.badw.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Files/DGK/docs/c-864.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=98000 Modélisation de l’aire de réception d’une antenne AIS en fonction de données d’altitude et de cartes de prévision de propagation d’ondes VHF / Zackary Vanche (2021)
Titre : Modélisation de l’aire de réception d’une antenne AIS en fonction de données d’altitude et de cartes de prévision de propagation d’ondes VHF Type de document : Mémoire Auteurs : Zackary Vanche, Auteur Editeur : Champs-sur-Marne : Ecole nationale des sciences géographiques ENSG Année de publication : 2021 Importance : 49 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Note générale : Bibliographie
Rapport de projet pluridisciplinaire, cycle ING2Langues : Français (fre) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Traitement du signal
[Termes IGN] classification dirigée
[Termes IGN] classification non dirigée
[Termes IGN] diffraction
[Termes IGN] données météorologiques
[Termes IGN] Méditerranée, mer
[Termes IGN] modèle numérique de terrain
[Termes IGN] modélisation spatiale
[Termes IGN] navire
[Termes IGN] onde radioélectrique
[Termes IGN] port
[Termes IGN] propagation du signal
[Termes IGN] QGIS
[Termes IGN] qualité du signal
[Termes IGN] RGE alti
[Termes IGN] SRTMIndex. décimale : PROJET Mémoires : Rapports de projet - stage des ingénieurs de 2e année Résumé : (Auteur) L’objectif de ce stage est la modélisation de la portée de l’antenne VHF de réception de signaux AIS installée à Sophia Antipolis par le CRC. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons les paramètres qui influent sur ce phénomène. Nous démontrons par la suite qu’en dessous d’une certaine distance de propagation (environ 100 km), quand la propagation est directe, seuls le relief et les caractéristiques des antennes ont une influence sur la propagation des ondes. Inversement, lorsqu’on s’éloigne de l’antenne, les conditions météorologiques deviennent primordiales pour prédire la portée et les zones de masque de l’antenne. Dans nos travaux de recherche, nous proposons donc deux démarches complémentaires de modélisation de la propagation d’ondes VHF. La première démarche, dédiée à la propagation directe (distance inférieure à 100 km), s’appuie sur des logiciels déjà utilisés par le CRC. La seconde démarche, dédiée à la propagation indirecte (distance supérieure à 100 km), repose sur l’application de méthodes de classification supervisée et non supervisée à des données AIS et des cartes de prévision de la qualité de la propagation, mises à disposition par le CRC. Enfin, les résultats de modélisation sont présentés et discutés. Note de contenu :
1. Introduction
1.1 Contexte
1.2 Problématique
1.3 Proposition
1.4 Déroulement du stage
2. Propagation des ondes radio dans l'atmosphère
2.1 Lois de Snell Descartes
2.2 Réfraction dans l'atmosphère
2.3 Ducts et rebonds atmosphériques
2.4 Diffraction et ellipsoïde de Fresnel
2.5 Atténuation des ondes radio
2.6 Propagation directe et indirecte
3. Données utilisées
3.1 Données AIS
3.2 Données d'altitudes
3.3 Prévisions de propagation de Pascal Grandjean
3.4 Couche des eaux mondiales
3.5 Liste des ports
4. Prévision de la portée d'une antenne
4.1 Prévision de la portée d'une antenne à l'aide des connaissances sur notre antenne et d'un modèle numérique de terrain
4.2 Prévision de la portée en fonction des prévisions de qualité de propagation
5. Pistes d’amélioration
5.1 Données supplémentaires
5.2 Calculer la trajectoire des ondes
5.3 Méthodes de classificationsNuméro de notice : 26667 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Mémoire de projet pluridisciplinaire Organisme de stage : Centre de recherche sur les risques et les crises CRC (MINES ParisTech) Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=98909 Documents numériques
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