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New advances in error simulation in vector geographical databases / Olivier Bonin (2000)
contenu dans Accuracy 2000 : Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on spatial accuracy assessment in natural resources and environmental sciences, Amsterdam, July 2000 / Gerard B.M. Heuvelink (2000)
Titre : New advances in error simulation in vector geographical databases Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Olivier Bonin , Auteur Editeur : Delft : Delft University Press Année de publication : 2000 Conférence : Accuracy 2000, 4th international symposium on spatial accuracy assessment in natural resources and environmental sciences 12/07/2000 14/07/2000 Amsterdam Pays-Bas Importance : pp 59 - 65 Format : 16 x 24 cm Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Bases de données localisées
[Termes IGN] analyse de sensibilité
[Termes IGN] données localisées numériques
[Termes IGN] données vectorielles
[Termes IGN] erreur d'attribut
[Termes IGN] erreur géométrique
[Termes IGN] incertitude de position
[Termes IGN] méthode de Monte-Carlo
[Termes IGN] qualité des donnéesRésumé : (Auteur) This paper presents new methods for attribute and positional error simulation in vector Geographical Information Systems, and discusses various issues related to this topic. Attribute errors are simulated according to a new statistical model. Positional errors are simulated with algorithms that take correlation into account and thus reduce topological problems that arise in classical simulations. These algorithms constitute a complete toolbox suitable for most purposes, especially accuracy assessment and sensitivity analysis. Note de contenu : Bibliographie Numéro de notice : C2000-010 Affiliation des auteurs : COGIT (1988-2011) Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Communication nature-HAL : ComAvecCL&ActesPubliésIntl DOI : sans Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=90082 Quality assessment of satellite-based global gravity fields models / Johannes Bouman (2000)
Titre : Quality assessment of satellite-based global gravity fields models Type de document : Monographie Auteurs : Johannes Bouman, Auteur Editeur : Delft : Netherlands Geodetic Commission NGC Année de publication : 2000 Collection : Netherlands Geodetic Commission Publications on Geodesy Sous-collection : New series num. 48 Importance : 114 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-90-6132-270-2 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Géodésie physique
[Termes IGN] champ de pesanteur terrestre
[Termes IGN] erreur moyenne quadratique
[Termes IGN] erreur systématique
[Termes IGN] estimation statistique
[Termes IGN] qualité des donnéesIndex. décimale : 30.40 Géodésie physique Note de contenu : 1 INTRODUCTION
2 Parameter estimation and the associated mean square error
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Inverse problems and regularisation
- 2.2.1 Illposed problems
- 2.2.2 Global regularisation methods
2.3 Choice of regularisation parameters
- 2.3.1 Minimum MSE
- 2.3.2 Single regularisation parameter
- 2.3.3 Multiple regularisation parameters
3 QUALITY, MEASURES
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Spherical harmonic expansion of the gravitational potential
3.3 Biased and unbiased estimation
3.4 Error propagation
- 3.4.1 Full error matrix
- 3.4.2 Blockdiagonal error matrix
3.5 Ratio measures
3.6 Contribution measures
- 3.6.1 Contribution measure for the unbiased solution
- 3.6.2 Contribution measure for the biased solution
4 GRAVITY FIELD OBSERVATIONS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Observation model and iterative solution
4.3 Series expansion of the potential in orbital coordinates
4.4 Satellite gravity gradiometry
- 4.4.1 Principle
- 4.4.2 Timewise approach
- 4.4.3 Blockdiagonal normal matrix
4.5 Satellite to satellite tracking
- 4.5.1 Hill equations
- 4.5.2 Observation equations
- 4.5.3 Blockdiagonal normal matrix
4.6 Airborne gravimetry
- 4.6.1 Observation model
- 4.6.2 Structure of the normal matrix
5 GRAVITY FIELD MODELS FROM SGG ONLY
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Synthesis and analysis.
- 5.2.1 Synthesis
- 5.2.2 Analysis
5.3 Observations without noise.
- 5.3.1 Circular polar orbit
- 5.3.2 Circular inclined orbit
- 5.3.3 Noncircular GOCE orbit
5.4 Noisy observations
- 5.4.1 Tikhonov regularisation
- 5.4.2 Biased estimation
6 COMBINED SOLUTIONS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 SGG results for different mission scenarios
6.3 Combination of SW, and SST
6.4 Combination of SW and airborne gravimetry
6.5 Combination of SGG, SST and gravimetry
7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A Compact operators and spectral decomposition.
B A few remarks on local regularisation methods
C Synthesis of SGG observations
D Additional resultsNuméro de notice : 11430 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Monographie Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=54404 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 11430-01 30.40 Livre Centre de documentation Géodésie Disponible Recent issues on fuzzy databases / G. Bordonia (2000)
Titre : Recent issues on fuzzy databases Type de document : Monographie Auteurs : G. Bordonia, Éditeur scientifique ; G. Pasi, Éditeur scientifique Editeur : Berlin, Heidelberg, Vienne, New York, ... : Springer Année de publication : 2000 Collection : Studies in fuzziness and soft computing, ISSN 1434-9922 num. 53 Importance : 236 p. Format : 16 x 24 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-3-7908-1319-7 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Bases de données localisées
[Termes IGN] acquisition de données
[Termes IGN] base de données
[Termes IGN] exploration de données
[Termes IGN] incertitude des données
[Termes IGN] sous ensemble flou
[Termes IGN] système d'information géographiqueNote de contenu : Part 1. Fuzzy Querying of Databases
- Value-Based and Representation-Based Querying of Possibilistic Databases: Patrick Bosc, Laurence Duval, and Olivier Pivert
- Flexible Division Operators in Possibility-based Fuzzy Relational Databases: Michinori Nakata
Part 2. Data Mining Based on Fuzzy Sets
- Fuzzy Data Mining: Discovery of Fuzzy Generalized Association Rules: Guoqing Chen, Qiang Wei, Etienne E. Kerre
- On Combining Intelligent Querying and Data Mining Using Fuzzy Logic Concepts: Janusz Kacprzyk and Slawomir Zadrozny
Part 3. Geographic Information Systems Dealing with Uncertainty
- Uncertainty in Distributed and Interoperable Spatial Information Systems: Maria Cobb, Harold Foley, Frederick Petry, Kevin Shaw
- On Fuzzy Sets and the Management of Uncertainty in an Intelligent Geographic Information System: Vincent B.Robinson
- Conceptual Modeling of Geographic Information System Applications: Adnan Yazici and Kemal Akkaya
Part 4. Fuzzy Database Models: Definition and Implementation
- A Generalised Object-Oriented Database Model: Guy de Tré, Rita de Caluwe, and Bart Van der Cruyssen
- An Implementation for Fuzzy Deductive Relational Databases: Ignacio Blanco, Juan C. Cubero, Olga Pons, and Amparo Vila
- The Fuzzy Object-Oriented Database Management System: Gloria Bordogna, Alberto Leporati, Dario Lucarella, and Gabriella PasiNuméro de notice : 69925 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE/INFORMATIQUE Nature : Monographie Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=62290 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 69925-01 37.10 Livre Centre de documentation Géomatique Disponible Révision d'une base de connaissances : Application à la généralisation cartographique / Sylvain Bard (2000)
Titre : Révision d'une base de connaissances : Application à la généralisation cartographique Type de document : Mémoire Auteurs : Sylvain Bard , Auteur Editeur : Metz [France] : Université de Metz Année de publication : 2000 Importance : 67 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Note générale : bibliographie
Rapport de stage de DESS Méthodes Quantitatives en Gestion et Aménagement de l'EspaceLangues : Français (fre) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] base de connaissances
[Termes IGN] base de règles
[Termes IGN] cohérence logique
[Termes IGN] généralisation automatique de données
[Termes IGN] généralisation cartographique automatisée
[Termes IGN] implémentation (informatique)
[Termes IGN] PlaGe (plateforme de généralisation)
[Termes IGN] retouche
[Termes IGN] révision des connaissances
[Termes IGN] système d'aide à la décision
[Termes IGN] validation des données
[Vedettes matières IGN] GénéralisationIndex. décimale : DESS Divers DESS et masters actuels professionnels ou spécialisés Résumé : (auteur) La recherche en généralisation cartographique à l'Institut Géographique National étudie une automatisation de cette méthode. Ce document présente un processus de révision d'une base >de connaissances effectué à partir de l'analyse de retouches interactives, et s'inscrit dans un mécanisme général d'acquisition de connaissances. La révision est une modification de la base de règles initiale dans le but de la rendre la plus exacte possible, en conservant la cohérence. Dans notre contexte, l'objectif de ce mécanisme est d'obtenir de meilleures règles de généralisation cartographique dans la base de règles révisée. Notre approche consiste à appliquer une base de règles de décision initiale à des objets géographiques, puis à opérer une validation des objets résultants. Les objets invalidés subissent ensuite une procédure de retouche. La retouche est rapération qui consiste à modifier un objet identifiée comme mal généralisé d'un point de vue cartographique, afin de le rendre acceptable. Enfin, les informations extraites des phases précédentes sont intégrées à un mécanisme de révision en vue de déterminer les modifications de la base de règles de décision à entreprendre. Ce rapport décrit à la fois la procédure générale de retouche et de validation, l'outil de validation des résultats de l'application d'une base de règles, la procédure de retouche utilisée, et pour terminer le processus de révision développé sous forme d'un micro système d'aide à la décision. Le support d'implémentation pour l'application au cas particulier d'objets géographiques de type arcs routiers, est la plate-forme PlaGe du-laboratoire COGIT. Note de contenu : Introduction
1- Le contexte et le sujet de stage
2- Etat de l'art en matière de validation et révision d'une base de connaissances
3- Application à la cartographie - définition de l'approche
4- Implémentation
5- Résultat et discussion
ConclusionNuméro de notice : 21928 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Mémoire DESS divers Organisme de stage : COGIT (IGN) Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=91634 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 21928-01 DESS Livre Centre de documentation En réserve Mezzanine Disponible The influence of data quality on the detectability of sea-level height variations / K.I. Van Onselen (2000)
Titre : The influence of data quality on the detectability of sea-level height variations Type de document : Monographie Auteurs : K.I. Van Onselen, Auteur Editeur : Delft : Netherlands Geodetic Commission NGC Année de publication : 2000 Collection : Netherlands Geodetic Commission Publications on Geodesy Sous-collection : New series num. 49 Importance : 204 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-90-6132-273-3 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] marée océanique
[Termes IGN] marégramme
[Termes IGN] marégraphe
[Termes IGN] niveau de la mer
[Termes IGN] niveau moyen des mers
[Termes IGN] qualité des données
[Termes IGN] série temporelle
[Termes IGN] variation
[Vedettes matières IGN] AltimétrieIndex. décimale : 30.50 Nivellement - généralités Résumé : (Auteur) For low-lying areas like the Netherlands, an over-increasing sea level can become a serious threat. This is especially true if sea level rise accelerates, e.g., due to greenhouse-gas induced warming. To anticipate potential troubles, it is important to have a good estimate of the expected behaviour of future sea levels. This requires an accurate description of the present-day sea level variation curve and of foreseeable changes in this "natural" pattern in the near future. These changes in the behaviour of future sea levels can be based, e.g., on models predicting global change, but this is beyond the scope of this thesis. Much simplified, sea level rise over the last century could be described by a linear regression line. Accelerations of this "natural" pattern have occurred if the slope value of the regression line increases, or higher order regression coefficients are required to describe the sea-level rise curve. The better the natural sea level variation curve (as has occurred over the last century) can be determined, the easier it will be to detect a significant divergence from this curve. The objective of this thesis is to determine how well patterns in sea level height variations can be detected, given the limited quality of the data available. The objective of this thesis requires long sea level height time series. Therefore, only tide gauge data has been used and altimetry sea level height series have not been considered. Tide gauges measure sea level heights relative to the tide gauge bench marks. Consequently, the resulting sea level height time series show both variations in absolute sea level and vertical movements of the tide gauge bench marks. By monitoring the height changes between the tide gauge bench marks and a stable reference height, these relative sea level heights can (in principle) be converted into absolute sea level changes. Unfortunately, locating a reference point which is truly stable over long time spans will be extremely difficult, if not impossible. How well a specific sea level variation pattern can be detected depends on the sea level variations them-selves, the quality of the tide gauge measurements and, if applicable, the quality ofgeodetic measurements used to connect the tide gauge bench marks in height. Based on existing literature, it has been tried to gain a clear understanding of these various aspects. Unfortunately, in the literature studied on processes which can influence relative sea-level heights, (almost) no mention is made of long-periodic processes (periods over 20 years), while analysis of tide gauge records shows that long-periodic fluctuations with significant amplitudes do occur in sea level height time series. Sea level heights as used in this thesis are annual mean sea levels. The quality of these annual mean values not only depends on the quality of the tide gauge measurements, but also on the frequency of these measurements. Not only the quality of state-of-the-art techniques is important, but also of tide gauges and measuring frequencies which were used in the past. Since estimating long-term sea level variation curves requires long sea level height series, historical measurements have to be used as well. In chapter 3, an overview is given of the measuring precision and systematic errors and limitations characteristic for the six tide gauge systems commonly used during the last century. Based on information available for Dutch tide gauges, an estimate is given of how much the quality of annual mean sea levels deteriorates if mean values arc based on, e.g., mean tide levels instead of on hourly measurements. If data for a number of tide gauges is available, a common sea level variation curve, e.g., applying to the Dutch coast, can be estimated. Since tide gauge measurements are relative to the local tide gauge bench mark, any vertical movements of the tide gauges relative to one another will have introduced inconsistencies between the individual time series. These inconsistencies reduce the quality of a common sea level variation curve based on these tide gauge series. As long as tide gauges experience only secular height movements relative to one another, the common oscillation pattern can still be discerned using techniques like svd. However, the slope of the estimated common variation curve is determined by the rate of vertical movements of the individual tide gauges. If tide gauges undergo vertical movements which vary in rate and over time, the common oscillation pattern will be affected as well. By relating all sea level height series to the same reference frame (e.g., nap) internal differences in relative sea level due to vertical movements of the tide gauge bench marks are removed from the data sets. Ideally, permanent monitoring of the tide gauge bench marks is applied.
Nowadays, this can be achieved by means of tips. However, in the past height differences were usually based on spirit levelling. In chapter 6, the quality of three geodetic techniques, i.e., gps, gravimetry, and spirit levelling is described. In addition, limitations of these techniques when applied to monitoring height changes of tide gauge bench marks arc discussed. Since changes in local gravity represent both variations in mass and changes in station height, gravimetry is not well suited for determining height differences. Uncertainties in height differences obtained by GPS can be reduced to within 1 cm. However, the quality of these measurements might be less in harbor areas (e.g., due to signal interference). GPS has the advantage that it allows for permanent monitoring over large distances, but measurements are only available for the last few decades. Spirit leveling can produce high precision height differences (over short distances), but is time consuming and prone to systematic errors (especially over long distances). However, leveled height differences arc often the only type of height information available. In the past, tide gauge bench marks have (hopefully) been connected to a local reference frame. Between some neighboring local height datums, height differences have occasionally been obtained as well. However, only since the second European leveling network (UELN-73), the height difference between the continent of Europe and Scandinavia and Great Britain respectively is available. These height connections consist of only a single connection line and, consequently, errors in these height differences cannot be detected by testing. In chapter 8, an indirect method is introduced for connecting vertical datums, which results in dynamic height differences between the fundamental stations in the various height datum zones. An advantage of this method is that quality information (both precision and reliability) of the estimated height differences can dc determined as well. Unfortunately, a high quality potential coefficient model is required. As a result, only if a new model (to be obtained from the planned GOCR mission) becomes available, height differences between datum zones could be derived with standard deviations of 1 cm.
The quality of sea level variation curves depends on the method used to estimate these curves. A number of data analysing techniques have been tested for their suitability for working with sea level height data. Sea level height time series have a number of specific characteristics, for instance non-stationarity, data quality which is not constant for the complete time series, and a wide range of periodic fluctuations with sometimes variable frequencies and amplitudes. As a result, most of the techniques examined do not work well when applied to sea level height data. It is found that the best techniques for smoothing sea level height series are moving average smoothing and Singular Spectrum Analysis, while estimates of future sea level heights should be based on cither AR(i)MA modelling or regression. To determine how well specific sea level variation patterns can be detected, experiments with a large variety of simulated sea level height time series have been performed. These simulated time series consist of the curve which needs to be detected (e.g., a linear trend), periodic fluctuations (based on actual tide gauge data) and simulated additional errors. This can cither be inaccuracies introduced by the tide gauge equipment or the height measurements, or (uncorrected for) height variations between tide gauge bench marks. By applying regression to the simulated time series, it is examined whether or not the original sea level variation curve can be recovered. It should be noted that statistical significance of estimated regression coefficients is no guarantee that the "true" sea level variation curve is detected. For example, if linear regression is applied to a sea level series following a quadratic curve, the estimated trend value can still be statistically significant. For this reason, often trend estimates are shown as a function of an increasing number of observations. For the above mentioned example, estimated trend values will steadily increase with an increasing number of included observations. Only if the model (of a linear regression line) fits the data, and if enough observations are available, estimated trend values will stabilise around the trend value actually present in the data set. First, experiments have been performed with sea level height data for a single tide gauge. In this case, the original data relative to the tide gauge bench mark can be used. If (based on external knowledge of the behavior of the local sea level) long-periodic fluctuations could be eliminated from the data set, the detectability of a single linear regression line depends on the trend value and the noise level of the measurements. For sea level data with a trend of 1.5 mm/yr, even if a noise level of 5 cm applies, this trend can be detected if 35 observations are available. If a simulated time series contains long-periodic fluctuations based on data for tide gauge Den Helder, of the order of 90 years of observations are required before trend estimates stabilise around the actual trend value on which the data set is based. Therefore, it is concluded that long-periodic fluctuations are the main factor in determining the amount of data required to detect a linear trend in a sea level height time series. In chapter 7, using six tide gauge data sets, a common sea level variation curve for the Dutch coast is estimated. In order to eliminate deviations from this common curve caused by height variations of the tide gauge bench marks relative to one another, all tide gauges have to be connected in height to the local reference system (nap). Inaccuracies in the required height connections introduce inconsistencies between the time series. Since the actual height connection history for the tide gauges is unknown, a number of scenarios have been used to simulate height connection errors. Experiments show that the quality of the estimated common variation curve not only depends on the precision of the height measurements, but also on the time span between subsequent height connections. For higher levels of connection noise, it is more pronounced that the larger the time span between subsequent connections, the less dependable the estimated trend values will be. In order to detect future sea level rise accelerations, historical data has to be used as well. Experiments show that, if long periods have elapsed between historic height connections, the precision of future height connections is of almost no importance. Increasing the standard deviation of future height measurements from 5 mm to 2 cm, or increasing the time span between height connections from one to 10 years, hardly influences the results. Finally, for the North Sea area, the quality of spatial variation patterns which can be derived based on trend values for 18 tide gauges, is examined. A spatial pattern in sea level height variations should be based on real differences in trend values for the various locations and not on variations resulting from measuring errors and height changes between tide gauge bench marks. Based on experiments with simulated time series, the following conclusions have been made. If height connections to a local reference frame are performed every 10 years, ranges of errors in trend estimates (as a function of latitude and longitude) are three times as large as results based on annual connection of heights. As a result of, e.g., post-glacial rebound, fundamental stations in the different datum zones can experience height changes relative to one another. If the individual time series (connected to the local datums) are not corrected for these relative vertical movements, this will result in large errors in the estimated spatial variation pattern. If height differences between vertical datum zones are based on results derived for European leveling networks, resulting errors in trend values (as a function of latitude and longitude) will be much larger than those caused by the post-glacial rebound movements (of the selected fundamental stations: Amsterdam, Newlyn, and Helsingborg) itself. This same holds for differences in vertical movements obtained by GPS measurements with a standard deviation of the order of 1 mm/yr.Note de contenu : 1 INTRODUCTION
Sea-level variations
Objectives of this thesis
Outline
2 TIDE GAUGE MEASUREMENTS
Introduction
Error characteristics of tide gauge instruments
Sampling rate and averaging method of tide gauge readings
Conclusions and recommendations
3 TECHNIQUES FOR ANALYSING SEA-LEVEL DATA
Introduction
Smoothing of tide gauge data
Prediction of future sea levels
Sea-level data for a group of tide gauges
Conclusions and recommendations
4 DETECTABILITY OF CURVES IN RELATIVE SEA LEVEL
Introduction
Estimating curves in individual time series
General structure of simulated data sets
" Ideal " measurement series
Time series containing short-periodic fluctuations
Time series containing short- and long periodic fluctuations
Conclusions and recommendations
5 CONNECTING TIDE GAUGES TO A LOCAL HEIGHT SYSTEM
Introduction
Problems related to the different " height " systems
Error characteristics of measuring techniques
Selection of observation sites
Required sampling and time span of measurements
6 DETECTABILITY OF CURVES IN SEA LEVEL RELATIVE TO A LOCAL DATUM
Introduction
General structure of simulated data sets
Same trend throughout the time series
Transition to higher trend at the beginning of the time series
Transition to higher trend at the end of the time series
Conclusions and recommendations
7 REGIONAL HEIGHT DATUM CONNECTION
Introduction
Adding datum shifts to a geodetic boundary value problem
Least squares solution of a vertical datum connection
A-priori covariance matrices
Datum connection in North-West Europe
" Ideal " cap size for terrestrial gravity measurements
Influence of the number of stations
Conclusions and recommendations
8 SEA-LEVEL VARIATION PATTERNS
Introduction
General structure of simulated data sets
Inconsistencies in annual mean values
Inconsistencies introduced by local height connections
Height datums experience linear movements
Vertical datum connection
Conclusions and recommendations
9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
General remarks concerning sea-level monitoring
Recommendations for future research
A Information concerning tide gauge stations
B Derivations
C Additionnal information concerning common variations curvesNuméro de notice : 11431 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Monographie Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=54405 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 11431-01 30.50 Livre Centre de documentation Géodésie Disponible Untersuchung von GPS-Beobachtungen für kleinräumige geodätische Netze / R. Hollmann (2000)PermalinkUsing distances for linear accuracy measurements / Thomas Devogele (2000)PermalinkVisualising spatial data quality: research leads to pratical GIS applications / Gary J. Hunter in GIM international, vol 14 n° 1 (January 2000)PermalinkGénéralisation cartographique automatique : approche et méthodes / Jean-François Hangouët in Bulletin du comité français de cartographie, n° 162 (décembre 1999 - février 2000)PermalinkLess digits for storing coordinates : reducing geographical data without loosing information / François Vauglin in GIM international, vol 13 n° 11 (November 1999)PermalinkL'expérience pilote réseau GPS permanent (RGP) / Claude Boucher in XYZ, n° 79 (juin - août 1999)PermalinkRepresentation and manipulation of moving points: an extended data model for location estimation / J. Moreira in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 26 n° 2 (April 1999)PermalinkSpatio-temporal interpolation and fuzzy logic for GIS simulation of rural-to-urban transition / Suzana Dragićević in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 26 n° 2 (April 1999)PermalinkAdvances in spatial data bases, SSD '99, 6th International Symposium, Hong Kong, China, July 20-23, 1999 / Ralf Hartmut Güting (1999)PermalinkAnalyse du besoin en qualité de MNT / E. Clausse (1999)Permalink