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Termes IGN > mathématiques > statistique mathématique > analyse de variance
analyse de variance
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Statistique,
Statistique mathématique. >> Analyse de covariance, Échantillonnage (statistique), Plan d'expérience. >>Terme(s) spécifique(s) : Analyse multivariée, Degré de liberté (physique), Écart type, Surface de réponse (statistique). Equiv. LCSH : Analysis of variance. Domaine(s) : 510. Voir aussi |
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Estimating sea floor dynamics in the southern North Sea to improve bathymetric survey planning / L. Dorst (2009)
Titre : Estimating sea floor dynamics in the southern North Sea to improve bathymetric survey planning Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : L. Dorst, Auteur Editeur : Delft : Netherlands Geodetic Commission NGC Année de publication : 2009 Collection : Netherlands Geodetic Commission Publications on Geodesy, ISSN 0165-1706 num. 69 Importance : 220 p. Format : 17 x 24 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-90-6132-311-2 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Bathymétrie
[Termes IGN] bathymétrie
[Termes IGN] covariance
[Termes IGN] déformation de la croute terrestre
[Termes IGN] fond marin
[Termes IGN] géodynamique
[Termes IGN] géostatistique
[Termes IGN] interpolation
[Termes IGN] krigeage
[Termes IGN] marée océanique
[Termes IGN] morphogenèse
[Termes IGN] nivellement indirect
[Termes IGN] Nord, mer du
[Termes IGN] océanographie dynamique
[Termes IGN] port
[Termes IGN] relèvement
[Termes IGN] Rotterdam (Pays-Bas)
[Termes IGN] sable
[Termes IGN] vagueIndex. décimale : 32.10 Bathymétrie Résumé : (Auteur) Safe nautical charts require a carefully designed bathymetric survey policy, especially in shallow sandy seas that potentially have dynamic sea floor patterns. Bathymetric resurveying at sea is a costly process with limited resources, though. A pattern on the sea floor known as tidal sand waves is clearly present in bathymetric surveys, endangering navigation in the Southern North Sea because of the potential dynamics of this pattern. An important factor in an efficient resurvey policy is the type and size of sea floor dynamics. The uncertainties of measurement and interpolation associated with the depth values enable the statistical processing of a time series of surveys, using deformation analysis. Currently, there is no procedure available that satisfies the Royal Netherlands Navy requirements. Therefore, a deformation analysis procedure is designed, implemented and tested in such a way that the procedure works on bathymetric data and satisfies the Royal Netherlands Navy requirements. Also, it is necessary to develop a procedure that translates the results into changes of the resurvey policy, taking into account their confidence intervals.
To describe the sea floor statistically, we assume the sea floor to consist of a spatial trend function (or characterization) and a residual function (or dispersion). Such a description is called a representation. The covariances between positions are expressed in a covariance function, based on the residual function. The covariance function is used by Kriging, an interpolation procedure that propagates the variances and covariances of the data points to variances of the interpolated values. This approach is used widely for spatial analyses, like the interpolation of a bathymetric data set.
The method that we propose uses Kriging to produce a time series of grids of depth values and their variances. Subsequently, it uses deformation analysis, a statistical procedure based on testing theory. Our application of deformation analysis is particularly aimed at the detection of dynamics in areas with tidal sand waves, resulting in parameter estimates for the sea floor dynamics, and their uncertainty. We apply the method to sea floor representations both with and without a sand wave pattern. A test scenario is set up, consisting of a survey of an existing area in the Southern North Sea, for which dynamics are simulated. The results show that the proposed method detects different types of sea floor dynamics well, leading to satisfactory estimates of the corresponding parameters.
We show results for the anchorage area Maas West near the Port of Rotterdam, the Netherlands first. The area is divided into 18 sub-areas. The results show that a sand wave pattern is detected for most of the sub-areas, and a shore-ward migration is detected for a majority of them. The estimated migration rates of the sand waves are up to 7.5 m/yr, with a 95% confidence interval that depends on the regularity of the pattern. The results are in confirmation with previously observed migration rates for the Southern North Sea, and with an idealized process-based model.
Thereafter, we analyze several other areas for which a time series of surveys is available in the bathymetric, archives of the Netherlands Hydrographic Service, to study the spatial variations in sea floor dynamics. We present results for several sand wave areas and a single flat area. In some of those areas, dredging takes place, to guarantee minimum depths. The results indicate sand wave migration in areas close to the coast, and bed level changes of the order of decimeters. The dominant wavelength of the sand waves varies. We compare our results to literature of the same sand wave areas, in which we find similar migration rates, and different wavelengths.
By formulating four indicators, recommendations are made for the resurvey policy on the Belgian and Netherlands Continental Shelf. These indicators follow from the estimates for sea floor dynamics. We present a concept for the shallowest likely depth surface, on which we base two of the indicators. The other two indicators act as a warning: they quantify the potentially missed dynamics, which makes the procedure more robust in case of complicated morphology. We show clear differences in recommended resurvey frequency between the five analyzed regions.
We conclude that the designed method is able to use a time series of bathy-metric surveys for the estimation of sea floor dynamics in a satisfactory way. Those dynamics may be present on the scale of the sea floor, it may be a local effect, or it may be due to a tidal sand wave pattern. Also, the results are successfully reduced to a set of four indicators, used to improve a resurvey policy. Based on these conclusions, we formulate recommendations on the extrapolation of the results in space and time, on potential adaptations to the designed procedure, and on implementation of the procedure.Note de contenu : Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 Nautical charting
1.2 Survey plan design
1.3 Detection of sea floor dynamics
1.4 Tidal sand waves
1.5 The uncertainty of depth measurements
1.6 Problem formulation
1.7 Research question and subquestions
1.8 Research strategy and outline
2 Bathymetric applications of Geostatistics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Depth as a trend and its residuals
2.3 Covariance functions
2.4 Kriging
2.5 Conclusion
3 Estimating sea floor dynamics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The method for the estimation of sea floor dynamics
3.3 Specification of a test scenario
3.4 Analysis results of a dynamic sea floor
3.5 Discussion
3.6 Conclusion
3.A Error characteristics
3.B Transformation of the sand wave parameters
3.C The application of statistical estimation and testing
4 The analysis of migrating tidal sand waves
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The application of deformation analysis
4.3 Results of the deformation analysis
4.4 Discussion of results
4.5 Conclusion
4.A Overview of used surveys
4.B Quantification of measurement errors
4.B.1 Covariance function of the error
4.B.2 Variances of the SEES surveys
4.B.3 Variances of the MBES survey
5 Spatial variations in sea floor dynamics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Deformation analysis
5.3 The Selected Track region: little dynamics
5.4 The Noordhinder region: comparison with other methods
5.5 The region West of IJmuiden: sand wave migration
5.6 The region North of Terschelling: a flat sea floor
5.7 Discussion
5.8 Conclusion
5.A Overview of used surveys
6 Application to the resurvey policy
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Background: Hydrographic practice
6.3 Method: indicators of sea floor dynamicsNuméro de notice : 15495 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Thèse française DOI : sans En ligne : https://www.ncgeo.nl/index.php/en/publicatiesgb/publications-on-geodesy/item/258 [...] Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=62737 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 15495-01 32.10 Livre Centre de documentation Topographie Disponible Improved topographic correction of forest image data using a 3D canopy reflectance model in multiple forward mode / S.A. Soenen in International Journal of Remote Sensing IJRS, vol 29 n°3-4 (February 2008)
[article]
Titre : Improved topographic correction of forest image data using a 3D canopy reflectance model in multiple forward mode Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : S.A. Soenen, Auteur ; Derek R. Peddle, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2008 Article en page(s) : pp 1007 - 1027 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Traitement d'image optique
[Termes IGN] Alberta (Canada)
[Termes IGN] canopée
[Termes IGN] classe d'objets
[Termes IGN] correction du signal
[Termes IGN] forêt tempérée
[Termes IGN] image SPOT
[Termes IGN] modélisation 3D
[Termes IGN] Pinus (genre)
[Termes IGN] précision de la classification
[Termes IGN] réflectance végétale
[Termes IGN] varianceRésumé : (Auteur) In most forestry remote sensing applications in steep terrain, simple photometric and empirical (PE) topographic corrections are confounded as a result of stand structure and species assemblages that vary with terrain and the anisotropic reflective properties of vegetated surfaces. To address these problems, we present MFM-TOPO as a new physically-based modelling (PBM) approach for normalising topographically induced signal variance as a function of forest stand structure and sub-pixel scale components. MFM-TOPO uses the Li-Strahler geometric optical mutual shadowing (GOMS) canopy reflectance model in Multiple Forward Mode (MFM) to account for slope and aspect influences directly. MFM-TOPO has an explicit physical-basis and uses sun-canopy-sensor (SCS) geometry that is more appropriate than strictly terrain-based corrections in forested areas since it preserves the geotropic nature of trees (vertical growth with respect to the geoid) regardless of terrain, view and illumination angles. MFM-TOPO is compared against our recently developed SCS+C correction and a comprehensive set of other existing PE and SCS methods (cosine, C correction, Minnaert, statistical-empirical, SCS, and b correction) for removing topographically induced variance and for improving SPOT image classification accuracy in a Rocky Mountain forest in Kananaskis, Alberta Canada. MFM-TOPO removed the most terrain-based variance and provided the greatest improvement in classification accuracy within a species and stand density based class structure. For example, pine class accuracy was increased by 62% over shaded slopes, and spruce class accuracy was increased by 13% over more moderate slopes. In addition to classification, MFM-TOPO is suitable for retrieving biophysical parameters in mountainous terrain. Numéro de notice : A2008-007 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET/IMAGERIE Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1080/01431160701311291 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160701311291 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=29002
in International Journal of Remote Sensing IJRS > vol 29 n°3-4 (February 2008) . - pp 1007 - 1027[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 080-08021 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible Aide-mémoire de géostatistique linéaire / P. Chauvet (2008)
Titre : Aide-mémoire de géostatistique linéaire Type de document : Guide/Manuel Auteurs : P. Chauvet, Auteur Editeur : Paris : Presses de l'Ecole des Mines Année de publication : 2008 Collection : Les cours de l'École des mines Importance : 311 p. Format : 16 x 24 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-2-911762-94-9 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Français (fre) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Statistiques
[Termes IGN] erreur systématique
[Termes IGN] espérance mathématique
[Termes IGN] estimation statistique
[Termes IGN] fonction aléatoire
[Termes IGN] krigeage
[Termes IGN] variance
[Termes IGN] variogrammeRésumé : (Editeur) Dans le foisonnement des méthodes issues du concept de " variable régionalisée " élaboré par le Professeur Georges Matheron dès la fin des années 50, des notions essentielles apparaissent de façon récurrente, soit au niveau des techniques mathématiques invoquées, soit au niveau de la signification epistémologique des applications effectives. Quel sens donner à la modélisation des réserves naturelles par une fonction aléatoire et comment réaliser effectivement cette modélisation ? Comment caractériser numériquement une structure spatiale, comment effectuer une estimation, quel sens lui attribuer et quelle confiance lui accorder... ? Voilà quelques-unes des interrogations permanentes qui fondent la démarche géostatistique. Ce livre regroupe en un seul document ces éléments de base de la géostatistique, tels qu'ils ont été effectivement exposés lors de plusieurs écoles d'été. Il a été délibérément choisi de se borner aux questions méthodologiques : significations, conditions d'application et propriétés des modèles constituent la matière de cet ouvrage, limité par ailleurs à l'aspect linéaire de la géostatistique. Tout en veillant à proposer un document pouvant se suffire à lui-même, l'auteur a constamment cherché à rappeler les références aux textes fondateurs de la discipline, à l'intention du lecteur soucieux de compléter cette première approche. Note de contenu : Éléments de géostatistique linéaire.
Introduction.
Chapitre 1 - Des variables régionalisées aux fonctions aléatoires.
Chapitre 2 - Géostatistique transitive.
Chapitre 3 - Buts et moyens de la géostatistique linéaire (1).
Chapitre 4 - Stationnarité et ergodicité.
Chapitre 5 - Buts et moyens de la géostatistique linéaire (2).
Chapitre 6 - Estimations.
Chapitre 7 - Vers les modèles non stationnaires.
Chapitre 8 - Géostatistique intrinsèque.
Chapitre 9 - Introduction à la géostatistique multivariable.
AnnexesNuméro de notice : 20631 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : MATHEMATIQUE Nature : Manuel de cours Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=46851 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 20631-01 23.60 Livre Centre de documentation Mathématiques Disponible Landsat ETM+ image applications to extract information for environmental planning in a Colombian city / L.M. Santana in International Journal of Remote Sensing IJRS, vol 28 n°19-20 (October 2007)
[article]
Titre : Landsat ETM+ image applications to extract information for environmental planning in a Colombian city Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : L.M. Santana, Auteur Année de publication : 2007 Article en page(s) : pp 4225 - 4242 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Applications de télédétection
[Termes IGN] analyse de variance
[Termes IGN] Colombie
[Termes IGN] croissance urbaine
[Termes IGN] densité de population
[Termes IGN] détection automatique
[Termes IGN] image Landsat-ETM+
[Termes IGN] Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
[Termes IGN] température au sol
[Termes IGN] villeRésumé : (Auteur) Latin American cities have witnessed rapid and unplanned growth causing social, economic and environmental problems. To solve these problems, urban planners require information and indicators that normally are not available. In this study, the applicability of remote sensing data to extract environmental data was examined. A Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) image was used to gather information about land surface temperature (Ts) and its relationship with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Leaf Water Content Index (LWC). A strong negative relationship between Ts and NDVI and between Ts and LWC was observed. Analysis of variance points out statistically significant differences in the averages of Ts, NDVI, and LWC among neighbourhoods. Areas with high density housing, with a deficient urban design and those with commercial establishments had the lowest means of NDVI and LWC, and higher means of Ts. On the other hand, neighbourhoods with a higher proportion of trees and green zones had higher NDVI and LWC, and lower Ts. Finally, all neighbourhoods were classified into those that have lower to higher Ts. Therefore, the greening campaigns and new landscape design of the city should be directed specifically at neighbourhoods with the lowest level of NDVI or LWC. Copyright Taylor & Francis Numéro de notice : A2007-445 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1080/01431160701244856 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160701244856 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=28808
in International Journal of Remote Sensing IJRS > vol 28 n°19-20 (October 2007) . - pp 4225 - 4242[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 080-07111 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible Optimizing image resolution to maximize the accuracy of hard classification / K.R. Mccloy in Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, PERS, vol 73 n° 8 (August 2007)
[article]
Titre : Optimizing image resolution to maximize the accuracy of hard classification Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : K.R. Mccloy, Auteur ; P.K. Bocher, Auteur Année de publication : 2007 Article en page(s) : pp 893 - 903 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Traitement d'image
[Termes IGN] limite de résolution géométrique
[Termes IGN] matrice de confusion
[Termes IGN] précision de la classification
[Termes IGN] théorie des erreurs
[Termes IGN] varianceRésumé : (Auteur) There are three strategies by which the accuracy of classification can be improved after the imagery that will be used for the classification has been chosen. These are to improve the definition of the class decision surfaces, to maximize the between class distances, and to reduce the within class variances. This paper reports on work done to investigate the relationship between classification accuracy and within class variances, where generally accepted measures of accuracy derived from the Confusion Matrix are used as the indicators of classification accuracy. This paper shows that the within class variances are a function of image resolution, and it provides a mechanism based on the Average Local Variance (ALV) function to find the resolution that will yield the highest relative within field classification accuracy by minimizing the within class variances. Copyright ASPRS Numéro de notice : A2007-369 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Article DOI : 10.14358/PERS.73.8.893 En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/PERS.73.8.893 Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=28732
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