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Estimating sea floor dynamics in the southern North Sea to improve bathymetric survey planning / L. Dorst (2009)
Titre : Estimating sea floor dynamics in the southern North Sea to improve bathymetric survey planning Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : L. Dorst, Auteur Editeur : Delft : Netherlands Geodetic Commission NGC Année de publication : 2009 Collection : Netherlands Geodetic Commission Publications on Geodesy, ISSN 0165-1706 num. 69 Importance : 220 p. Format : 17 x 24 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-90-6132-311-2 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Bathymétrie
[Termes IGN] bathymétrie
[Termes IGN] covariance
[Termes IGN] déformation de la croute terrestre
[Termes IGN] fond marin
[Termes IGN] géodynamique
[Termes IGN] géostatistique
[Termes IGN] interpolation
[Termes IGN] krigeage
[Termes IGN] marée océanique
[Termes IGN] morphogenèse
[Termes IGN] nivellement indirect
[Termes IGN] Nord, mer du
[Termes IGN] océanographie dynamique
[Termes IGN] port
[Termes IGN] relèvement
[Termes IGN] Rotterdam (Pays-Bas)
[Termes IGN] sable
[Termes IGN] vagueIndex. décimale : 32.10 Bathymétrie Résumé : (Auteur) Safe nautical charts require a carefully designed bathymetric survey policy, especially in shallow sandy seas that potentially have dynamic sea floor patterns. Bathymetric resurveying at sea is a costly process with limited resources, though. A pattern on the sea floor known as tidal sand waves is clearly present in bathymetric surveys, endangering navigation in the Southern North Sea because of the potential dynamics of this pattern. An important factor in an efficient resurvey policy is the type and size of sea floor dynamics. The uncertainties of measurement and interpolation associated with the depth values enable the statistical processing of a time series of surveys, using deformation analysis. Currently, there is no procedure available that satisfies the Royal Netherlands Navy requirements. Therefore, a deformation analysis procedure is designed, implemented and tested in such a way that the procedure works on bathymetric data and satisfies the Royal Netherlands Navy requirements. Also, it is necessary to develop a procedure that translates the results into changes of the resurvey policy, taking into account their confidence intervals.
To describe the sea floor statistically, we assume the sea floor to consist of a spatial trend function (or characterization) and a residual function (or dispersion). Such a description is called a representation. The covariances between positions are expressed in a covariance function, based on the residual function. The covariance function is used by Kriging, an interpolation procedure that propagates the variances and covariances of the data points to variances of the interpolated values. This approach is used widely for spatial analyses, like the interpolation of a bathymetric data set.
The method that we propose uses Kriging to produce a time series of grids of depth values and their variances. Subsequently, it uses deformation analysis, a statistical procedure based on testing theory. Our application of deformation analysis is particularly aimed at the detection of dynamics in areas with tidal sand waves, resulting in parameter estimates for the sea floor dynamics, and their uncertainty. We apply the method to sea floor representations both with and without a sand wave pattern. A test scenario is set up, consisting of a survey of an existing area in the Southern North Sea, for which dynamics are simulated. The results show that the proposed method detects different types of sea floor dynamics well, leading to satisfactory estimates of the corresponding parameters.
We show results for the anchorage area Maas West near the Port of Rotterdam, the Netherlands first. The area is divided into 18 sub-areas. The results show that a sand wave pattern is detected for most of the sub-areas, and a shore-ward migration is detected for a majority of them. The estimated migration rates of the sand waves are up to 7.5 m/yr, with a 95% confidence interval that depends on the regularity of the pattern. The results are in confirmation with previously observed migration rates for the Southern North Sea, and with an idealized process-based model.
Thereafter, we analyze several other areas for which a time series of surveys is available in the bathymetric, archives of the Netherlands Hydrographic Service, to study the spatial variations in sea floor dynamics. We present results for several sand wave areas and a single flat area. In some of those areas, dredging takes place, to guarantee minimum depths. The results indicate sand wave migration in areas close to the coast, and bed level changes of the order of decimeters. The dominant wavelength of the sand waves varies. We compare our results to literature of the same sand wave areas, in which we find similar migration rates, and different wavelengths.
By formulating four indicators, recommendations are made for the resurvey policy on the Belgian and Netherlands Continental Shelf. These indicators follow from the estimates for sea floor dynamics. We present a concept for the shallowest likely depth surface, on which we base two of the indicators. The other two indicators act as a warning: they quantify the potentially missed dynamics, which makes the procedure more robust in case of complicated morphology. We show clear differences in recommended resurvey frequency between the five analyzed regions.
We conclude that the designed method is able to use a time series of bathy-metric surveys for the estimation of sea floor dynamics in a satisfactory way. Those dynamics may be present on the scale of the sea floor, it may be a local effect, or it may be due to a tidal sand wave pattern. Also, the results are successfully reduced to a set of four indicators, used to improve a resurvey policy. Based on these conclusions, we formulate recommendations on the extrapolation of the results in space and time, on potential adaptations to the designed procedure, and on implementation of the procedure.Note de contenu : Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 Nautical charting
1.2 Survey plan design
1.3 Detection of sea floor dynamics
1.4 Tidal sand waves
1.5 The uncertainty of depth measurements
1.6 Problem formulation
1.7 Research question and subquestions
1.8 Research strategy and outline
2 Bathymetric applications of Geostatistics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Depth as a trend and its residuals
2.3 Covariance functions
2.4 Kriging
2.5 Conclusion
3 Estimating sea floor dynamics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The method for the estimation of sea floor dynamics
3.3 Specification of a test scenario
3.4 Analysis results of a dynamic sea floor
3.5 Discussion
3.6 Conclusion
3.A Error characteristics
3.B Transformation of the sand wave parameters
3.C The application of statistical estimation and testing
4 The analysis of migrating tidal sand waves
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The application of deformation analysis
4.3 Results of the deformation analysis
4.4 Discussion of results
4.5 Conclusion
4.A Overview of used surveys
4.B Quantification of measurement errors
4.B.1 Covariance function of the error
4.B.2 Variances of the SEES surveys
4.B.3 Variances of the MBES survey
5 Spatial variations in sea floor dynamics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Deformation analysis
5.3 The Selected Track region: little dynamics
5.4 The Noordhinder region: comparison with other methods
5.5 The region West of IJmuiden: sand wave migration
5.6 The region North of Terschelling: a flat sea floor
5.7 Discussion
5.8 Conclusion
5.A Overview of used surveys
6 Application to the resurvey policy
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Background: Hydrographic practice
6.3 Method: indicators of sea floor dynamicsNuméro de notice : 15495 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Thèse étrangère DOI : sans En ligne : https://www.ncgeo.nl/downloads/69Dorst.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=62737 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 15495-01 32.10 Livre Centre de documentation Topographie Disponible Etude du cycle de l’eau à partir de modèles numériques de prévision météorologique et d’observations sur l’Afrique du Nord / Maïté Lacarra (2009)
Titre : Etude du cycle de l’eau à partir de modèles numériques de prévision météorologique et d’observations sur l’Afrique du Nord Type de document : Mémoire Auteurs : Maïté Lacarra, Auteur Editeur : Paris : Université de Paris 6 Pierre et Marie Curie Année de publication : 2009 Importance : 42 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Note générale : bibliographie
Rapport de Master 2 Recherche Méthodes Physiques en TélédétectionLangues : Français (fre) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Applications de géodésie spatiale
[Termes IGN] données DORIS
[Termes IGN] données GPS
[Termes IGN] interpolation
[Termes IGN] modèle météorologique
[Termes IGN] retard troposphérique zénithal
[Termes IGN] teneur en vapeur d'eauIndex. décimale : MPT Mémoires de fin d'études du Master Méthodes physiques en télédétection Résumé : (auteur) [introduction] Ce stage s’inscrit dans l’étude du cycle de l’eau en Afrique (AMMA) et des échanges entre sous-régions, en particulier l’Afrique de l’Ouest, la région saharienne et la région méditerranéenne. Une des questions scientifiques sous-jacente est notamment de comprendre le rôle des advections de l’humidité depuis la Méditerranée vers l’Afrique de l’Ouest sur la mousson africaine et les mécanismes d’interaction associés (Rowell, 2003 ; Jung et al., 2006 ; Vizy and Cook, 2008). Pour aborder ces questions, le recours aux modèles et aux données d’observation est indispensable. Il est donc important de se créer d’abord une base de données d’observations. Dans un premier temps, il est nécessaire de connaître précisément les produits utilisés et les méthodes de traitement de données appliquées afin de sélectionner des jeux de données pertinents. Nous avons utilisé des produits troposphériques GPS et DORIS, qu’il a fallu valider en faisant des inter-comparaisons. Ensuite, nous avons extrait des données de plusieurs modèles de prévision numérique tel que la ré-analyse ERA-Interim ainsi que des analyses produites en mode recherche au centre européen ECMWF en collaboration avec Peter Bauer (ECMWF) et Fatima Karbou (Météo-France). Nous avons alors pu évaluer les différentes analyses à l’échelle globale et régionale au niveau de l’Afrique. Ce travail nous a permis d’avoir une idée de la qualité de la représentation de l’humidité atmosphérique dans ces modèles. Note de contenu : 1. Introduction
2. Méthodes et données
2.1. GPS
2.2. DORIS
2.3. Modèle
2.4. Transformation des ZTD en IWV
3. Validation des ZTD de la solution IGS trop new
3.1. Comparaison des ZTD du traitement IGS trop new avec le traitement GPS c4.2
3.2. Comparaison des ZTD du produit IGS trop new avec le traitement IGS (IGS old)
3.3. Comparaison des ZTD du produit IGS trop new avec celui de DORIS
3.4. Conclusion sur les comparaisons de ZTD
4. Validation des modèles de prévision numérique
4.1. Sources d’erreurs de la transformation ZTD en IWV
4.2. Correction verticale et interpolation des IWV
4.3. Validation des modèles météorologiques
5. ConclusionNuméro de notice : 14912 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Mémoire masters divers Organisme de stage : LAREG (IGN) Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=76812
Titre : High-resolution GPS tomography in view of hydrological hazard assessment Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Simon Lutz, Auteur Editeur : Zurich : Schweizerischen Geodatischen Kommission / Commission Géodésique Suisse Année de publication : 2009 Collection : Geodätisch-Geophysikalische Arbeiten in der Schweiz, ISSN 0257-1722 num. 76 Importance : 200 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-3-908440-20-8 Note générale : Bibliographie
Doctoral thesisLangues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Applications de géodésie spatiale
[Termes IGN] aérosol
[Termes IGN] atmosphère terrestre
[Termes IGN] Bernese
[Termes IGN] campagne d'expérimentation
[Termes IGN] collocation
[Termes IGN] distribution spatiale
[Termes IGN] double différence
[Termes IGN] interpolation spatiale
[Termes IGN] météorologie
[Termes IGN] méthode des moindres carrés
[Termes IGN] modèle atmosphérique
[Termes IGN] prévision météorologique
[Termes IGN] propagation troposphérique
[Termes IGN] réfraction atmosphérique
[Termes IGN] risque naturel
[Termes IGN] temps réel
[Termes IGN] teneur en vapeur d'eau
[Termes IGN] tomographie
[Termes IGN] traitement de données GNSS
[Termes IGN] Valais (Suisse)
[Termes IGN] vapeur d'eau
[Termes IGN] voxelIndex. décimale : 30.83 Applications océanographiques de géodésie spatiale Résumé : (Auteur) In the last few years, the use of propagation delays of GNSS radio signals due to the atmospheric effect has gained considerable importance as a valuable contribution to numerical weather forecasting. GPS-based tomography is a dedicated method to resolve the temporal variation and spatial distribution of the most important constituent of the atmosphere, the tropospheric water vapor. The four-dimensional tomographic approach, however, has not yet been completely established. Investigations on the small-scale high-resolution configuration will now help to determine and model water vapor distribution and variation over local, mountainous catchment areas. Especially, the development towards near real-time analysis with a high update rate of less than one hour will reveal the potential in the field of short and medium range forecasts.
Three main objectives were defined for this research project: The first objective was the study of the feasibility of GPS tomography in a small-scale and Alpine area. Furthermore, the processing of campaign-type measurements had to be considered specifically. The second aim was the determination of the four-dimensional distribution of atmospheric water vapor over a local region using GPS tomography in view of hydrological hazard assessment. Thirdly, aspects of real-time determination had to be investigated. In this context, it had to be accounted for that, instead of precise GNSS satellite orbits, predicted ones like broadcast ephemerides or ultra-rapid orbits had to be used. Also, it had to be addressed that the processing time is a critical issue in real-time computation. As a consequence, the parameters of the complete GPS processing were refined and adapted to near real-time applications. Furthermore, new algorithms in the tomographic software were to be designed and evaluated.
The tomographic software package AWATOS (Atmospheric Water Vapor Tomography Software), developed at the Geodesy and Geodynamics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, was used for the assimilation of double-differenced GPS observations and interpolated meteorological data sets. The spatial distribution of water vapor can be determined by least-squares inversion with a high temporal resolution.
The work was carried out in five steps: Simulations helped to design an optimal GPS network for the tomographic purpose. Based on these findings, two dedicated field campaigns were performed to study the feasibility of the method for a non-permanent densification network in an Alpine region in Switzerland. Secondly, GPS derived zenith total delays (ZTD) as well as double-differenced residuals were estimated using a high performance and high accuracy post-processing software package (Bernese GPS Software Version 5.0). The results were validated by comparison with independent methods. With the software package COMEDIE, meteorological data was collocated and interpolated for the separation of the total delays into a wet and a dry part. In the third step, this set of data was processed with the GPS tomography software package AWATOS to obtain spatially and temporally highly-resolved wet refractivity fields. An automatic generation of tomographic voxel models was developed in the forth step. This tool allows high flexibility in tomographic processing and forms a fundamental part of an adaptive method of choosing voxel models at a particular spatial resolution. In the fifth step, the aspects of near real-time processing were investigated.
Measurements from a solar spectrometer and data from the current numerical weather model COSMO-7 of MeteoSwiss were available for comparison purposes. During the campaigns, radiosondes were launched to measure vertical profiles of the tropospheric meteorological components in situ and to validate the tomographic results.
The success of the tomographic method was revealed by the statistical analyses. The wet refractivity profiles from the GPS tomography software package AWATOS in the high-resolution mode match the profiles derived from corresponding radiosonde measurements within 10 ppm (refractivity units). The AWATOS profiles represent the characteristics of the different tropospheric layers in most cases with high significance.
The accuracy of GPS tomography in near real-time was assessed based on dedicated case studies with real-time orbits. The error budget of the near real-time calculations was compared to the best postprocessing solutions available. Due to large variations in the time series of the Up component of the GPS coordinate estimation, the broadcast ephemerides are not recommended for GPS meteorological applications. But ultra-rapid orbits, which are also available in real-time, yield satisfying results regarding tropospheric parameter estimation (ZTD) and the high-resolution GPS tomographic analysis.Note de contenu : 1 Introduction
1.1 Trends in GPS meteorology
1.2 Research review of atmospheric water vapor profiling
1.3 Significance of high-resolution GPS tomography
1.3.1 For the research community
1.3.2 For practical applications
1.4 Objectives
1.5 Structure
2 Theoretical background of GPS meteorology
2.1 Atmospheric water vapor
2.2 Radio wave refractivity
2.3 Refraction and path delay modeling
2.3.1 Definition
2.3.2 The Saastamoinen formula
2.3.3 Integrating tropospheric refractivity
2.3.4 Path delay interpolation with COITROPA
2.4 The Global Positioning System (GPS)
2.4.1 Introduction to GPS
2.4.2 The GPS observation equations
2.4.3 Mapping functions and standard models
2.4.4 Troposphere modeling in the Bernese GPS Software
2.5 The software package COMEDIE
2.5.1 4-D refractivity field from meteorological data
2.5.2 Estimation of tropospheric path delays
3 Ground-based GPS tomography of the neutral atmosphere
3.1 Models, methods and algorithms
3.1.1 The tomographic voxel model
3.1.2 The apriori model .
3.1.3 Inter-voxel constraints
3.1.4 Separation of the total path delay
3.2 The software package AWATOS
3.2.1 Double-difference GPS tomography
3.2.2 The tomographic equation system
3.2.3 Ray tracing and the design matrix
3.2.4 (Pscudo-) Observations and the weight matrix
3.2.5 Error budget
3.3 Network analysis tool
4 Outline of the two field campaigns
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The project area in the canton of Valais (Switzerland)
4.3 The July 2005 field campaign
4.3.1 GPS network
4.3.2 Meteorological ground measurement network
4.3.3 Radiosondes
4.4 The October 2005 field campaign
4.4.1 GPS Network
4.4.2 Meteorological ground measurement network
4.4.3 Radiosondes
4.4.4 Solar Spectrometry for comparison purpose
5 Data preprocessing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 GPS data processing
5.2.1 Overview
5.2.2 Criteria for fix station selection
5.2.3 Parameter settings in the Bernese GPS Software
5.2.4 Network solutions
5.2.5 Section summary
5.3 Meteorological data processing
5.4 Path delay comparison
6 The numerical weather model COSMO-7
6.1 Model description
6.2 Distribution of the available data
6.3 Data processing workflow
6.4 Data analysis
6.4.1 Comparison with balloon sounding profiles
6.4.2 Time series of integrated path delays
6.4.3 Comparison with time series of hourly GPS-ZTD
6.4.4 ZTD comparison with rainfall data
7 Enhancements of AWATOS
7.1 Introduction
7.2 New models and algorithms
7.2.1 Designing the voxel model
7.2.2 Obtaining a priori information
7.2.3 Allocation of meteorological data
7.2.4 Selection of beneficial stations
7.3 Further analysis tools
7.4 Notes on near real-tirnc analysis and predictive algorithms
7.5 Accuracy and reliability assessment
8 Results and discussion
8.1 Towards high spatial resolution
8.1.1 Impact of vertical spacing
8.1.2 Vertical resolution and cutoff elevation angle
8.1.3 Impact of horizontal spacing
8.1.4 Summary on the July 2005 campaign data
8.1.5 Summary on the October 2005 campaign data
8.1.6 Impact of a reduced network in October 2005
8.1.7 Discussion on spatial resolution
8.2 Correlation analysis with meteorological surface data
8.2.1 Comparison with air temperature
8.2.2 Wet refractivity variation and sunshine duration
8.2.3 Dew point temperature and atmospheric water vapor
8.3 Aspects of changing temporal resolution
8.4 Investigations in near real-time analysis
8.4.1 Processing real-time GPS orbits
8.4.2 Examination of time correlation strategies
9 ConclusionsNuméro de notice : 15512 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Autre URL associée : URL ETH Zurich Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Thèse étrangère DOI : 10.3929/ethz-a-005648120 En ligne : https://www.sgc.ethz.ch/sgc-volumes/sgk-76.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=62745 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 15512-01 30.83 Livre Centre de documentation Géodésie Disponible A theoretical approach to the use of cyberinfrastructure in geographical analysis / Shaowen Wang in International journal of geographical information science IJGIS, vol 23 n° 1-2 (january 2009)
[article]
Titre : A theoretical approach to the use of cyberinfrastructure in geographical analysis Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Shaowen Wang, Auteur ; Marc P. Armstrong, Auteur Année de publication : 2009 Article en page(s) : pp 169 - 193 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Analyse spatiale
[Termes IGN] analyse spatiale
[Termes IGN] données maillées
[Termes IGN] géostatistique
[Termes IGN] interpolation inversement proportionnelle à la distance
[Termes IGN] représentation spatiale
[Termes IGN] traitement parallèle
[Termes IGN] transformation mathématiqueRésumé : (Auteur) This paper presents a theoretical approach that has been developed to capture the computational intensity and computing resource requirements of geographical data and analysis methods. These requirements are then transformed into a common framework, a grid-based representation of a spatial computational domain, which supports the efficient use of emerging cyberinfrastructure environments. Two key types of transformational functions (data-centric and operation-centric) are identified and their relationships are explained. The application of the approach is illustrated using two geographical analysis methods: inverse distance weighted interpolation and the ./TGIS_A_292016_O_XML_IMAGES/TGIS_A_292016_O_ILM0001.gif spatial statistic. We describe the underpinnings of these two methods, present their conventional sequential algorithms, and then address their latent parallelism based on a spatial computational domain representation. Through the application of this theoretical approach, the development of domain decomposition methods is decoupled from specific high-performance computer architectures and task scheduling implementations, which makes the design of generic parallel processing solutions feasible for geographical analyses. Copyright Taylor & Francis Numéro de notice : A2009-132 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1080/13658810801918509 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810801918509 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=29762
in International journal of geographical information science IJGIS > vol 23 n° 1-2 (january 2009) . - pp 169 - 193[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 079-09011 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible 079-09012 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible Assessing the accuracy of predicted ocean tide loading displacement values / Nigel Penna in Journal of geodesy, vol 82 n° 12 (December 2008)
[article]
Titre : Assessing the accuracy of predicted ocean tide loading displacement values Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Nigel Penna, Auteur ; M. Bos, Auteur ; Trevor Baker, Auteur ; H. Scherneck, Auteur Année de publication : 2008 Article en page(s) : pp 893 - 907 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Géodésie physique
[Termes IGN] interpolation bilinéaire
[Termes IGN] marée océanique
[Termes IGN] positionnement par GPS
[Termes IGN] surcharge océaniqueRésumé : (Auteur) The accuracy of ocean tide loading (OTL) displacement values has long been assumed to be dominated by errors in the ocean tide models used, with errors due to the convolution scheme used considered very small (2–5%). However, this paper shows that much larger convolution errors can arise at sites within approximately 150 km of the coastline, depending on the method used to refine the discrete regularly spaced grid cells of the ocean tide model to better fit the coastline closest to the site of interest. If the local water mass redistribution approach is implemented, as used in the OLFG/OLMPP software recommended in the IERS 2003 conventions, OTL height displacement errors of up to around 20% can arise, depending on the ocean tide model used. Bilinear interpolation only, as used in the SPOTL and CARGA softwares for example, is shown from extensive global and regional comparisons of OTL displacement values derived from the different methods and softwares to be more appropriate. This is verified using GPS observations. The coastal refinement approach used in the OLFG/OLMPP software was therefore changed in August 2007 to use bilinear interpolation only. It is shown that with this change, OTL displacement values computed using OLFG/OLMPP, SPOTL and CARGA invariably agree to the millimetre level for coastal sites, and better than 0.2 mm for sites more than about 150 km inland. Copyright Springer Numéro de notice : A2008-472 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1007/s00190-008-0220-2 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-008-0220-2 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=29541
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