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Semantic interoperability of distributed geo-services / Robert Lemmens (2006)
Titre : Semantic interoperability of distributed geo-services Type de document : Monographie Auteurs : Robert Lemmens, Auteur Editeur : Delft : Netherlands Geodetic Commission NGC Année de publication : 2006 Collection : Netherlands Geodetic Commission Publications on Geodesy, ISSN 0165-1706 num. 63 Importance : 291 p. Format : 17 x 24 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-90-6132-298-6 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Infrastructure de données
[Termes IGN] architecture client-serveur
[Termes IGN] base de connaissances
[Termes IGN] diffusion de données
[Termes IGN] hétérogénéité sémantique
[Termes IGN] infrastructure mondiale des données localisées
[Termes IGN] intégration de données
[Termes IGN] interopérabilité sémantique
[Termes IGN] logiciel libre
[Termes IGN] modèle sémantique de données
[Termes IGN] ontologie
[Termes IGN] OWL
[Termes IGN] prototype
[Termes IGN] réseau sémantique
[Termes IGN] service de géoinformation
[Termes IGN] service fondé sur la position
[Termes IGN] service web géographique
[Termes IGN] système d'information géographiqueRésumé : (Auteur) The last two decades have shown a major shift from stand-alone software systems to networked ones. As with all information system domains, Geographic Information Systems (GISs) have been influenced to a large extent by recent internet developments, resulting in an increasing availability of client/server applications using distributed geo-(web-)services, such as interactive maps, route planners and gazetteers. There is an increasing need for organisations to perform on demand geo-processing tasks by integrating and reusing geo-information and geo-services from within and outside the organisation. These activities are typically performed in the context of so called Geo-Information Infrastructures (GIls).
The process of integrating services is commonly referred to as service chaining. This requires that services can be easily found, and that they are executable and interoperable. Interoperability means that the services 'understand' each other's messages. A major impediment is formed by the semantic heterogeneity (the differences in meaning) of geo-information and of the functionality of geo-services. Making services semantically interoperable is an important prerequisite for information sharing in today's networked society. This involves services that rely on different knowledge domains, one of which is the geo-information domain.
Within this context, the research presented in this thesis provides solutions for the computer-aided integration of distributed heterogeneous geo-information and geo-services, based on their semantics (the meaning of their content).
Geo-information distinguishes from other information by its spatial relevance. Geo-services often have to deal integrally with multiple-representations of features in a spatial, temporal and thematic dimension. Geo-services are also implicitly connected by the geographic location of the features they process. This has implications for the interoperability of geo-services. For example, the validity of a service (e.g., a routeplanner) may be bound to a specific geographic area, which could imply it cannot be used in combination with services involving another validity area. On the contrary, services that seem to be incompatible due to differences in feature representation (e.g., geometry, coordinate reference system), may turn out to be useful in combination, because they contain information on the same locations.
On demand geo-processing requires services and the meta-information that describes the services to be available at the time a task is being executed. Moreover, the service descriptions should be based on commonly agreed rules for service characterisation. Inter-service contracts that contain such rules may result in service interoperability and this can be achieved at three levels: syntax, structure and semantics. The influential specifications of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and the ISO 19100 series of standards, implement formal contracts on the syntactical and structural level, but they prescribe only informal contracting at the semantic level. Despite their rigid conceptualisation, they lack a machine-accessible formalisation that supports the specification of semantics for geo-information and geo-services. This research has developed such a formalisation, which is specified in a so called semantic interoperability framework. In this framework a key role is played by machine ontologies, which are machine-accessible representations of knowledge that are used for inferring intra- and inter-resource relationships. Recent research efforts in the field of the Semantic Web have contributed considerably to the deployment of ontology-based applications by providing a theoretical foundation (Description Logics), ontology languages (e.g., the Web Ontology Language (OWL)), and tools for ontology creation, access and reasoning with web-based (machine) ontologies. The power of web-based ontologies lies in their interoperable (XML based) representation, the use of unique namespaces and the fact that they allow for automated reasoning.
The semantic interoperability framework developed in this research, contains (1) geo-information modelling ontologies which are based on the ISO General Feature Model, (2) domain specific ontologies (amongst others, one which is based on a data model used by the Dutch Topographic Service), and (3) a geo-operation modelling ontology. The latter is based on a geo-operation taxonomy, an input/output parameter characterisation and a workflow model. The taxonomy and parameter characterisation have been developed as part of this research, the workflow model is based on OWL-S, an OWL-based upper ontology for web services.
Ontology-based service descriptions have been created in the context of four use cases in the following areas: (1) information model integration for risk mapping, (2) ad hoc data integration in a disaster emergency situation, (3) reuse of geo-data and geo-services in scientific research, and (4) ad hoc integration of travel services. The ontology-based descriptions are used as representations of service requests and advertisements in a matchmaking process. The matchmaking is performed by an ontology reasoner which can infer implicit relationships that exist in a knowledge base containing service descriptions as sets of concepts. The reasoner is implemented together with the ontologies in a prototype environment. Except for the reasoner, this has been carried out with open source software. Within this environment, basic matchmaking has been successfully performed to support data set integration and service chaining. This has been demonstrated by tests implementing the aforementioned use cases.
The offered solution is flexible and extensible. With respect to flexibility, the research demonstrates the use of incomplete service descriptions. With respect to extensibility, the research shows how service descriptions can be extended with new concepts. It is also demonstrated how existing application domains can be linked through ontology mappings. In the process of service chaining, four steps have been identified, i.e., discovery, abstract composition, concrete composition and execution. The link between the abstract and concrete composition of services is realised by annotation, which connects ontology elements with parameters of executable code. For one of the use cases, this code has been deployed in a prototype software application (the latter being part of an external research effort).
There are also limitations to the approach followed, which are partly due to the limitations of OWL and reasoning with it, i.e., with respect to spatial reasoning and the use of metaclasses. In addition, the current prototype environment has several shortcomings: (1) constraints of the user-interfaces (entering service descriptions in Description Logics is still rather complex), (2) the inflexibility of the reasoning implementation and (3) the incompleteness of mappings between domain ontologies, all of which are thought to be surmountable.
A number of recommendations are made for the improvement of the current design and implementation of the interoperability framework, such as the incorporation of: meta-information propagation, concept similarity quantifiers and result ranking in the matchmaking process. The deployment of the approach requires key organisations such as OGC to develop and maintain domain independent parts of a semantic interoperability framework and organisations with a GIl mandate to manage its domain dependent parts.
Application fields that are thought to benefit from the presented approach in the short term are, amongst others: service discovery and chaining in GII, harmonisation of geo-information models, multiple-representation of geo-information, profile matching of geo-service users, documentation of geo-processing history (lineage), and quality assessment of meta-information. The target groups of this research are firstly geo-information engineers who are confronted with information integration issues and service interoperability issues, and secondly, information engineers in general confronted with distributed information and with end users that need to access distributed services as one virtual application.Note de contenu : Abstract
Samenvatting
Acknowledgements
1 Why interoperability is important
1.1 Research context and motivation
1.2 Research objectives
1.3 Research approach
1.4 Related work
1.5 Thesis outline
2 Interoperable distributed services
2.1 Distributed processing paradigms
2.2 Interoperability and heterogeneity
2.3 Overcoming heterogeneity by contract
2.4 Interoperability models
2.5 Geo-services
2.6 Geo-service use cases
2.7 Summary and reflection
3 Service models for discovery, composition and execution
3.1 Information modelling
3.2 Process modelling
3.3 Service chaining
3.4 Summary and reflection
4 Semantic modelling
4.1 What is an ontology?
4.2 Foundations for machine ontology
4.3 Ontology design and creation
4.4 Ontology representations and notation
4.5 Reasoning with a knowledge base
4.6 Semantic interoperability frameworks
4.7 Semantic web services
4.8 Geo-semantic modelling and spatial relevance
4.9 Summary and reflection
5 Semantic interoperability framework for geo-services
5.1 Semantic framework overview
5.2 Feature symbol ontology
5.3 Feature concept ontologies
5.4 Geo-operation characterisations ? OPERA
5.5 OPERA-R ? Feature processing operations
5.6 Geo-service descriptions
5.7 Summary and reflection
6 Geo-information matching and service chaining
6.1 Example: Riskmap chain
6.2 Semantic modelling of geo-service chains
6.3 Derived operations and ontology mappings
6.4 Matchmaking
6.5 Summary and reflection
7 Use case implementations
7.1 Riskmap NL
7.2 Emergency 112
7.3 Research Net
7.4 Travel Google
7.5 Summary and reflection
8 Implementation of prototypes: OnToGeo and GeoMatchMaker
8.1 Practical design and implementation issues of OnToGeo
8.2 Workbench tools
8.3 GeoMatchMaker, an integrated prototype
8.4 Creating service descriptions
8.5 Summary and reflection
9 Conclusions and recommendations
9.1 Summary and reflection
9.2 Conclusions
9.3 Main contributions
9.4 Deployment
9.5 Recommendations for further work
A UML notation
B ISO 19100 overview
C OPERA-R geo-operation types
C.I Human interaction operations
C.2 Feature modelling
C.3 Feature access
C.4 Feature processing
C.5 Feature presentation manipulation
C.6 Service creation and management
C.7 Service execution
C.8 Metalnfo creation and storage management
C.9 Metalnfo processing
C.10 Metalnfo presentation manipulation
D OPERA-R
I/O parameters for feature processing operations
E ADL Gazetteer OWL service description
F ADL Gazetteer WSDL service description
G ISO 19119 mappingNuméro de notice : 15204 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Monographie Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=55094 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 15204-01 37.00 Livre Centre de documentation Géomatique Disponible 15204-02 37.00 Livre Centre de documentation Géomatique Disponible Using uncertain conceptual spaces to translate between land cover categories / O. Ahlqvist in International journal of geographical information science IJGIS, vol 19 n° 7 (august 2005)
[article]
Titre : Using uncertain conceptual spaces to translate between land cover categories Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : O. Ahlqvist, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 831 - 857 Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Analyse spatiale
[Termes IGN] analyse comparative
[Termes IGN] analyse spatiale
[Termes IGN] base de données cartographiques
[Termes IGN] base de données d'occupation du sol
[Termes IGN] carte d'occupation du sol
[Termes IGN] Corine Land Cover
[Termes IGN] incertitude des données
[Termes IGN] interopérabilité sémantique
[Termes IGN] modèle sémantique de données
[Termes IGN] occupation du sol
[Termes IGN] référentiel sémantique
[Termes IGN] sous ensemble flouRésumé : (Auteur) To support diversified uses of geographical information there is a need for enhanced spatial data infrastructures to create interoperability between users and producers of geographic data. One important interoperability problem is caused by differences in data semantics, for example heterogeneous land use/land cover classification systems. A critical review of an existing method for semantic interoperability between land cover classifications is used to motivate and introduce a modified framework based on conceptual spaces and rough fuzzy sets. Land cover categories are defined by a set of defining attributes formally represented as a collection of rough fuzzy membership functions and importance weights. This parameterized representation is used to translate between the US Natural Vegetation Classification Standard and the European CORINE Land Cover system based on evaluations of different aspects of semantic similarity between categories. The results demonstrate that the use of different similarity metrics in a conceptual space, together with the explicit rough fuzzy uncertainty representation, increases the semantic separation between land cover categories. Diagrams and maps illustrate the information that can be gained from the semantic similarity assessment. These developments open new possibilities to explore semantic relationships between concepts, both within a classification and between classifications used in different contexts. Numéro de notice : A2005-357 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1080/13658810500106729 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810500106729 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27493
in International journal of geographical information science IJGIS > vol 19 n° 7 (august 2005) . - pp 831 - 857[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 079-05071 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible 079-05072 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible Communication de l'information géographique maritime et côtière pour la gestion d'une crise environnementale : Le naufrage du chimiquier Ievoli Sun en centre Manche / Lionel Loubersac in Revue internationale de géomatique, vol 12 n° 3 (septembre - novembre 2002)
[article]
Titre : Communication de l'information géographique maritime et côtière pour la gestion d'une crise environnementale : Le naufrage du chimiquier Ievoli Sun en centre Manche Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Lionel Loubersac, Auteur ; P. Lazure, Auteur ; F. Dumas, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2002 Article en page(s) : pp 355 - 371 Langues : Français (fre) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] cartographie des risques
[Termes IGN] communication cartographique
[Termes IGN] IFREMER
[Termes IGN] littoral atlantique (France)
[Termes IGN] Manche (mer)
[Termes IGN] marégraphie
[Termes IGN] modèle de dispersion
[Termes IGN] modèle sémantique de données
[Termes IGN] risque environnemental
[Termes IGN] risque technologique
[Termes IGN] simulation
[Termes IGN] site web
[Termes IGN] système d'information géographique
[Termes IGN] zone à risque
[Vedettes matières IGN] CartologieRésumé : (Auteur) Dans la matinée du 31 octobre 2000 le chimiquier italien Ievoli Sun sombrait en centre Manche. Sa cargaison présentait un risque de contamination de l'environnement littoral situé à proximité. L'IFREMER décidait, dès l'annonce du naufrage, de mettre en oeuvre des outils de production et de communication de l'information environnementale. On présente les solutions adoptées qui ont consisté à élaborer : un applicatif SIG permettant la préparation de cartes, un ensemble de simulations de la dispersion en mer des produits dissous et la structure d'un site web de communication générale de l'information. Ce papier donne une analyse critique du contenu du site et de la forme des produits délivrés et discute des perspectives d'évolution scientifique et technique facilitant la communication efficace de données environnementales en cas de crises consécutives à des accidents maritimes. Numéro de notice : A2002-284 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.3166/rig.12.355-371 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.3166/rig.12.355-371 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=22195
in Revue internationale de géomatique > vol 12 n° 3 (septembre - novembre 2002) . - pp 355 - 371[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 047-02031 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible Le SIG du parc naturel régional des Vosges du Nord, un outil au service du développement durable / Olivier Reis in XYZ, n° 92 (septembre - novembre 2002)
[article]
Titre : Le SIG du parc naturel régional des Vosges du Nord, un outil au service du développement durable Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Olivier Reis, Auteur Année de publication : 2002 Article en page(s) : pp 25 - 32 Langues : Français (fre) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Systèmes d'information géographique
[Termes IGN] développement durable
[Termes IGN] gestion du patrimoine
[Termes IGN] modèle sémantique de données
[Termes IGN] parc naturel régional
[Termes IGN] système de gestion de base de données
[Termes IGN] système de gestion de bases de données relationnelles
[Termes IGN] Vosges (88)Résumé : (documentaliste) Le Parc naturel régional des Vosges du Nord et le Naturpark Pfälzerwald limitrophes ont été classés conjointement par l'UNESCO dans une perspective de développement durable. La gestion du parc français est confiée à un syndicat mixte regroupant les communes du parc, les établissements de coopération intercommunale, les départements de la Moselle et du Bas-Rhin ainsi que l'Etat. La Charte constitutive du parc a créé un observatoire du Parc chargé de la mise en place d'un SIG qui doit suivre l'évolution du territoire. Le SIGIS utilisant le logiciel ArcGis est opérationnel depuis 1997 et s'appuie sur différentes bases de données. Les données ont été acquises (données IGN, images SPOT, orthophotos, données INSEE) ou créées sur mesure. Cet ensemble permet de connaître le territoire, avec une précision métrique, de suivre son évolution, de le cartographier, d'apporter une aide à la décision ou bien encore de porter à la connaissance du public, via Internet, des informations sur le Parc. Numéro de notice : A2002-199 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE/INFORMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : sans Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=22114
in XYZ > n° 92 (septembre - novembre 2002) . - pp 25 - 32[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 112-02031 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible Voronoi-based region approximation for geographical information retrieval with gazetteers / H. Alani in International journal of geographical information science IJGIS, vol 15 n° 4 (june 2001)
[article]
Titre : Voronoi-based region approximation for geographical information retrieval with gazetteers Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : H. Alani, Auteur ; Christopher B. Jones, Auteur ; D. Tudhope, Auteur Année de publication : 2001 Article en page(s) : pp 287 - 306 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Bases de données localisées
[Termes IGN] diagramme de Voronoï
[Termes IGN] modèle sémantique de données
[Termes IGN] recherche d'information géographique
[Termes IGN] répertoire toponymique
[Termes IGN] requête spatialeRésumé : (Auteur) Gazeteers and geographical thesauri can be regarded as parsimonious spatial models that associate geographical location with place names and encode some semantic relations between the names. They are of particular value in processing information retrieval requests in which the user employs place names to specify geographical context. Typically the geometric locational data in a gazetteer are confined to a simple footprint in the form of a centroid or a minimum bounding rectangle, both of which can be used to link to a map but are of limited value in determining spatial relationships. Here we describe a Voronoi diagram method for generating approximate regional extents from sets of centroids that are respectively inside and external to a region. The resulting approximations provide measures of areal extent and can be used to assist in answering geographical queries by evaluating spatial relationships such as distance, direction and common boundary length. Preliminary experimental evaluations of the method have been performed in the context of a semantic modelling system that combines the centroid data with hierarchical and adjacency relations between the associated place names. Numéro de notice : A2001-039 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE/INFORMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1080/13658810110038942 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810110038942 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=21741
in International journal of geographical information science IJGIS > vol 15 n° 4 (june 2001) . - pp 287 - 306[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 079-01041 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible Données de référence : oui mais lesquelles ? / Gabrielle Martin in Géomatique expert, n° 3 (01/04/2000)PermalinkModélisation géométrique et sémantique en milieu urbain : prototype de système d'information topographique / M. Koehl in XYZ, n° 81 (septembre - novembre 1999)PermalinkObject-oriented design for temporal GIS / Monica Wachowicz (1999)PermalinkSemantic modeling for the acquisition of topographic information from images and maps, SMATI 99 / Wolfgang Förstner (1999)PermalinkOn the formalization of the semantics of spatial objects / H. Kemppainen (1995)PermalinkSemantics of geographic information / Werner Kuhn (1995)PermalinkAgrégation et modélisation de données hiérarchiques sous le SIG Smallworld / Sylvie Gras (1994)PermalinkGEO2 : faut-il des objets dans un SGBD géographique ? / Benoit David (01/04/1993)PermalinkGéO2 et le multi-échelles / Laurent Raynal (1993)PermalinkPermalink