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How institutional cultures affect results: comparing two old-growth forest mapping projects / R.A. Norheim in Cartographica, vol 38 n° 3 - 4 (September 2001)
[article]
Titre : How institutional cultures affect results: comparing two old-growth forest mapping projects Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : R.A. Norheim, Auteur Année de publication : 2001 Article en page(s) : pp 35 - 52 Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Applications SIG
[Termes IGN] analyse comparative
[Termes IGN] carte de la végétation
[Termes IGN] conception cartographique
[Termes IGN] erreur systématique
[Termes IGN] forêt
[Termes IGN] méthode
[Termes IGN] prise en compte du contexte
[Termes IGN] système d'information géographiqueRésumé : (Auteur) This paper explores the institutional and geographic factors that affected the outcome of two old-growth forest mapping efforts undertaken in 1989-1990 in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The projects mapped old-growth forest stands within US National Forests that support the endangered northern spotted owl. The projects, conducted by the US Forest Service (the manager) and the Wilderness Society (a conservation organization), obtained old-growth acreage totals that differed by a factor of two. This difference was largely attributable to the organizational context of each project. Both were constrained by short time lines imposed by the US Congress and by impending litigation. Motivations for the two organizations, however, were very different: Congress compelled the Forest Service to do the mapping, whereas the Wilderness Society used the geographic information for conservation advocacy. The two organizations also varied by the level of financial resources allocated and the methods (remote sensing versus aerial photo interpretation) employed. In my comparison of the two projects, I examined the events leading up to the spotted owl controversy and investigated the nature of the institutions involved. To understand the methods of the projects, I obtained the published literature resulting from the two projects and interviewed the principals of each project. I then obtained the data sets, put them into a common format, performed a spatial overlay, and compared the results using confusion matrices and visual analysis. When the two data sets were compared directly, there was little pattern evident in the differences. This lack of pattern made it difficult to draw any conclusions about the relative accuracy of the studies. It is inappropriate to infer that the results of either project were better; however, it is critical to understand the causes of the disparate results. The research found that merely by providing an alternate set of maps of old growth, the Wilderness Society "won" by casting doubt on the maps produced by the Forest Service. I also identified several institutional factors that affected the projects' outputs, namely budget, technology, staffing, study area, and institutional agendas and requirements. It is hoped that an understanding of these factors and disparate project results will help users of the two data sets understand their inherent biases and appropriate usage. Numéro de notice : A2001-184 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET/GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.3138/4618-2K34-3752-4616 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.3138/4618-2K34-3752-4616 Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=26407
in Cartographica > vol 38 n° 3 - 4 (September 2001) . - pp 35 - 52[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 031-01021 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible Dasymetric mapping and areal interpolation: implementation and evaluation / C.L. Eicher in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 28 n° 2 (April 2001)
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Titre : Dasymetric mapping and areal interpolation: implementation and evaluation Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : C.L. Eicher, Auteur ; Cynthia A. Brewer, Auteur Année de publication : 2001 Article en page(s) : pp 125 - 138 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Cartographie numérique
[Termes IGN] carte choroplèthe
[Termes IGN] démographie
[Termes IGN] données statistiques
[Termes IGN] erreur
[Termes IGN] figuration de la densité
[Termes IGN] implémentation (informatique)
[Termes IGN] interpolation spatialeRésumé : (Auteur) Dasymetric maps display statistical data in meaningful spatial zones. Such maps can be preferable to choropleth maps that show data by enumeration zones, because dasymetric zones more accurately represent underlying data distributions. Though dasymetric mapping has existed for well over a century, the methods for producing these maps have not been thoroughly examined. In contrast, research on areal interpolation has been more thorough and has examined methods of transferring data from one set of map zones to another, an issue that is applicable to dasymetric mapping. Inspired by this work, we tested five dasymetric mapping methods, including methods derived from work on areal interpolation. Dasymetric maps of six socio-economic variables were produced for a study area of 159 counties in the eastern US rising county choropleth data and ancillary land-use data. Both polygonal (vector) and grid (raster) dasymetric methods were tested. We evaluated map accuracy using both statistical analyses and visual presentations of error. A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that the traditional limiting variable method had significantly lower error than the other four methods. In addition, polygon methods had lower error than their grid-based counterparts, though the difference was not statistically significant. Error maps largely supported the conclusions from the statistical analysis, while also presenting patterns of error that were not obvious from the statistics. Numéro de notice : A2001-101 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304001782173727 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304001782173727 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=21801
in Cartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 28 n° 2 (April 2001) . - pp 125 - 138[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 032-01021 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible Improving the quality of mass produced maps / J. Simley in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 28 n° 2 (April 2001)
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Titre : Improving the quality of mass produced maps Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : J. Simley, Auteur Année de publication : 2001 Article en page(s) : pp 97 - 110 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Cartographie
[Termes IGN] données localisées numériques
[Termes IGN] gestion de la qualité
[Termes IGN] ingénierie
[Termes IGN] norme ISO 9000
[Termes IGN] production cartographique
[Termes IGN] produit cartographique
[Termes IGN] qualité cartographiqueRésumé : (Auteur) Quality is critical in cartography because key decisions are often made based on the information the map communicates. The mass production of digital cartographic information to support geographic information science has now added a new dimension to the problem of cartographic quality, as problems once limited to small volumes can now proliferate in mass production programs.These problems can also affect the economics of map production by diverting a sizeable portion of production cost to pay for rework on maps with poor quality. Such problems are common to general industry - in response, the quality engineering profession has developed a number of successful methods to overcome these problems. Two important methods are the reduction of error through statistical analysis and addressing the quality environment in which people work. Once initial and obvious quality problems have been solved, outside influences periodically, appear that cause adverse variations in quality and consequently increase production costs. Such errors can be difficult to detect before the customer is affected. However, a number of statistical techniques can be employed to detect variation so that the problem is eliminated before significant damage is caused. Additionally, the environment in which the workforce operates must be conducive to quality. Managers have a powerful responsibility to create this environment. Two sets of guidelines, known as Deming's Fourteen Points and ISO-9000, provide models for this environment. Numéro de notice : A2001-099 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304001782173745 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304001782173745 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=21799
in Cartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 28 n° 2 (April 2001) . - pp 97 - 110[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 032-01021 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible Modifications of Tanaka's illuminated contour method / Patrick Kennelly in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 28 n° 2 (April 2001)
[article]
Titre : Modifications of Tanaka's illuminated contour method Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Patrick Kennelly, Auteur ; A.J. Kimerling, Auteur Année de publication : 2001 Article en page(s) : pp 111 - 123 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Cartographie numérique
[Termes IGN] carte des pentes
[Termes IGN] contour
[Termes IGN] éclairement lumineux
[Termes IGN] niveau de gris (image)
[Termes IGN] représentation du relief
[Termes IGN] visualisation cartographiqueRésumé : (Auteur) Visualization of topography can be greatly facilitated by the illuminated contour method. This method, popularized in a hand-drafted map byTanaka, uses a gray background with black and white contours. A direction of illumination is assumed, and white contours represent illuminated topography, while black contours represent non-illuminated or shaded areas. Additionally, thickness of contours varies with the cosine of the angle between the azimuth of maximum slope (i.e., aspect) and the azimuth of illumination. We modified Tanaka's method by basing thickness of contour lines on twice the cosine of the angle between the surface normal and the illumination vector. The cosine of this angle is most commonly used in analytical bill shading. In addition, we present maps with changes in other visual variables and offer our evaluations. Lines with gray tones instead of black and white lines do not improve the illumination effect. We believe variations in the colors of contours and background with elevation can visually enforce information regarding topography. Our use of colors for aspect and variations in the width of contours for slope adds information to the map but does not assist with visualization of topography. Numéro de notice : A2001-100 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304001782173709 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304001782173709 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=21800
in Cartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 28 n° 2 (April 2001) . - pp 111 - 123[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 032-01021 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible An interactive approach to analytical relief shading / J. Jenny in Cartographica, vol 38 n° 1 - 2 (March 2001)
[article]
Titre : An interactive approach to analytical relief shading Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : J. Jenny, Auteur Année de publication : 2001 Article en page(s) : pp 67 - 75 Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Cartographie numérique
[Termes IGN] carte interactive
[Termes IGN] cartographie thématique
[Termes IGN] estompage automatique
[Termes IGN] niveau de gris (image)
[Termes IGN] rayonnement lumineux
[Termes IGN] représentation du relief
[Termes IGN] visualisation cartographiqueRésumé : (Auteur) L'estompage est un moyen de visualisation du relief en cartographie qui peut être produit de manière traditionnelle (dessin manuel) ou par des calculs informatiques. Les logiciels d'estompage existants actuellement ne permettent pas d'adaptations locales de direction de la lumière. La simulation de perspective aérienne ou des modifications manuelles y sont également impossibles. Pour combler ces lacunes, un programme d'estompage assisté par ordinateur à été développé. Il permet à l'utilisateur d'adapter localement les estompages grâce à un contrôle interactif de l'intégralité du processus. Les valeurs de gris du relief y sont définies à partir d'une combinaison de deux méthodes : l'estompage des pentes raides est calculé à partir de l'orientation du relief, et l'estompage des surfaces plus planes est calculé à partir de la réflexion diffuse de la lumière. Par ailleurs, un nouvel algorithme pour la simulation d'effets de perspective aérienne à été utilisé afin d'améliorer ces estompages. Contrairement à d'autres programmes du même type, il s'est avéré que les cartographes ayant une solide expérience manuelle des techniques d'estompage, peuvent ici facilement transférer leurs connaissances au monde digital. Numéro de notice : A2003-220 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.3138/F722-0825-3142-HW05 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.3138/F722-0825-3142-HW05 Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=22516
in Cartographica > vol 38 n° 1 - 2 (March 2001) . - pp 67 - 75[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 031-01011 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible Digital cliff drawing for topographic maps: traditional representations by means of new technologies / Lorenz Hurni in Cartographica, vol 38 n° 1 - 2 (March 2001)PermalinkAn introduction guide to disease mapping / A.B. Lawson (2001)PermalinkAn optimisation approach to cartographic generalisation / Lars Harrie (2001)PermalinkAutomatisierung der kartographischen Verdrängung mittels Energieminimierung / Dirk Burghardt (2001)PermalinkGeneralization of the "Douglas and Peucker" algorithm for cartographic applications / Xavier Barillot (2001)PermalinkIntegrating multi-agent, object-oriented, and algorithmic techniques for improved automated map generalization / Mathieu Barrault (2001)PermalinkMapping the 21st century: the 20th International Cartographic Conference, ICC 2001, Beijing, China, August 6 - 10, 2001, vol 2. Proceedings / L. Li (2001)PermalinkMapping the 21st century: the 20th International Cartographic Conference, ICC 2001, Beijing, China, August 6 - 10, 2001, vol 3. Proceedings / L. Li (2001)PermalinkReprésentation cartographique / Edater (2001)PermalinkPermalinkWeb cartography / Menno-Jan Kraak (2001)PermalinkSensitivity analysis of various influences on the planimetric displacement of commercial high-resolution satellite imagery / Yun Zhang in Geomatica, vol 54 n° 4 (December 2000)PermalinkCartogenèse numérique des types de sols et de leurs incertitudes par la combinaison de corrélations sur les facteurs environnementaux et des géostatistiques : application aux sols des environs de La Rochelle / F. Carre in Photo interprétation, vol 38 n° 3-4 (Septembre 2000)PermalinkHigher resolution put into perspective, "Great data, but how do we derive information" / O. Ahlqvist in Geoinformatics, vol 3 n° 6 (01/09/2000)PermalinkAn integrated technique for automated generalization of contour maps / Z. Li in Cartographic journal (the), vol 37 n° 1 (June 2000)PermalinkThe influence of map design on resource management decision making / J. Mc Kendry in Cartographica, vol 37 n° 2 (June 2000)PermalinkTwo new metrics for evaluating pixel-based change in data sets of global extent due to projection transformation / K.A. Mucahy in Cartographica, vol 37 n° 2 (June 2000)PermalinkVisualization and communication in map-making: a case study of mapping a complex rainforest environment in Peruvian Amazonia / K.A. Mucahy in Cartographica, vol 37 n° 2 (June 2000)PermalinkThe Geohyp project: representing knowledge in geologic hypermaps / G. Heyn in GIS Geo-Informations-Systeme, vol 13 n° 2 (April 2000)PermalinkA numerical method for generalizing the linear elements of large-scale maps, based on the example of rivers / Tadeusz Chrobak in Cartographica, vol 37 n° 1 (March 2000)PermalinkQuantifying positional error induced by line simplification / H. Veregin in International journal of geographical information science IJGIS, vol 14 n° 2 (march 2000)PermalinkSilicone vallée / Sylvie Lamy in L'alpe, n° 7 (mars 2000)PermalinkLa carte des batailles / Francis Dhée (2000)PermalinkCartographie du risque : Représentation de l'aléa et de la vulnérabilité / Lenny Dollé (2000)PermalinkCartographie, télédétection, systèmes d'information géographique / Jean Steinberg (2000)PermalinkCreating urban information for cartographic generalisation / Annabelle Boffet (2000)PermalinkEvaluation de la qualité des données généralisées / Sébastien Cochard (2000)PermalinkHigh mountain cartography 2000 / Manfred F. Buchroithner (2000)PermalinkLexique topographique 1991-2000 / Association française de topographie (2000)PermalinkMise en place d'un SIG au conseil général de la Somme : application à la direction de l'aménagement et de l'environnement, Volume 1. Mémoire / J. Bottet (2000)PermalinkPermalinkSolving space conflicts in map generalization: using a finite element method / P. Hojholt in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 27 n° 1 (January 2000)PermalinkThe roles of meso objects for generalisation / Anne Ruas (2000)PermalinkAlgorithmes de généralisation basés sur le lissage de la courbure / Emmanuel Fritsch in Bulletin du comité français de cartographie, n° 162 (décembre 1999 - février 2000)PermalinkGénéralisation cartographique automatique : approche et méthodes / Jean-François Hangouët in Bulletin du comité français de cartographie, n° 162 (décembre 1999 - février 2000)PermalinkThe production of theory in GIS: social and digital parameters of intelligent generalization / Nadine Schuurman in Cartographica, vol 36 n° 4 (December 1999)PermalinkA computer science perspective on the bend simplification algorithm / M. Visvalingam in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 26 n° 4 (October 1999)PermalinkDeveloping rules for map design: a functional specification for a cartographic-design expert system / David Forrest in Cartographica, vol 36 n° 3 (September 1999)PermalinkGeographic information: its nature, classification and cartographic representation / David Forrest in Cartographica, vol 36 n° 2 (June 1999)PermalinkContent and design of Canadian provincial travel maps / L.A. Grant in Cartographica, vol 36 n° 1 (March 1999)PermalinkLine simplification, geometric distorsion and positional error / H. Veregin in Cartographica, vol 36 n° 1 (March 1999)PermalinkLa carte, moyen d'action / D. Poidevin (1999)PermalinkCartographic line generalization with waterlines and medial-axes / A.H.J. Christensen in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 26 n° 1 (January 1999)PermalinkCartography / B.D. Dent (1999)PermalinkCoopération et fusion d'opérateurs : application au recalage automatique d'objets cartographiques / Pierre Dhérété (1999)Permalink