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Prediction of vertical deflections from high-degree spherical harmonic synthesis and residual terrain model data / C. Hirt in Journal of geodesy, vol 84 n° 3 (March 2010)
[article]
Titre : Prediction of vertical deflections from high-degree spherical harmonic synthesis and residual terrain model data Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : C. Hirt, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp 179 - 190 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Géodésie physique
[Termes IGN] Allemagne
[Termes IGN] Alpes centrales
[Termes IGN] champ de pesanteur terrestre
[Termes IGN] déviation de la verticale
[Termes IGN] Earth Gravity Model 2008
[Termes IGN] harmonique sphérique
[Termes IGN] MNS SRTM
[Termes IGN] modèle de géopotentiel
[Termes IGN] modèle de géopotentiel local
[Termes IGN] modèle numérique de terrain
[Termes IGN] Suisse
[Termes IGN] valeur efficaceRésumé : (Auteur) This study demonstrates that in mountainous areas the use of residual terrain model (RTM) data significantly improves the accuracy of vertical deflections obtained from high-degree spherical harmonic synthesis. The new Earth gravitational model EGM2008 is used to compute vertical deflections up to a spherical harmonic degree of 2,160. RTM data can be constructed as difference between high-resolution Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) elevation data and the terrain model DTM2006.0 (a spherical harmonic terrain model that complements EGM2008) providing the long-wavelength reference surface. Because these RTM elevations imply most of the gravity field signal beyond spherical harmonic degree of 2,160, they can be used to augment EGM2008 vertical deflection predictions in the very high spherical harmonic degrees. In two mountainous test areas—the German and the Swiss Alps—the combined use of EGM2008 and RTM data was successfully tested at 223 stations with high-precision astrogeodetic vertical deflections from recent zenith camera observations (accuracy of about 0.1 arc seconds) available. The comparison of EGM2008 vertical deflections with the ground-truth astrogeodetic observations shows root mean square (RMS) values (from differences) of 3.5 arc seconds for È and 3.2 arc seconds for È , respectively. Using a combination of EGM2008 and RTM data for the prediction of vertical deflections considerably reduces the RMS values to the level of 0.8 arc seconds for both vertical deflection components, which is a significant improvement of about 75%. Density anomalies of the real topography with respect to the residual model topography are one factor limiting the accuracy of the approach. The proposed technique for vertical deflection predictions is based on three publicly available data sets: (1) EGM2008, (2) DTM2006.0 and (3) SRTM elevation data. This allows replication of the approach for improving the accuracy of EGM2008 vertical deflection predictions in regions with a rough topography or for improved validation of EGM2008 and future high-degree spherical harmonic models by means of independent ground truth data. Numéro de notice : A2010-156 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1007/s00190-009-0354-x Date de publication en ligne : 12/11/2009 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-009-0354-x Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=30351
in Journal of geodesy > vol 84 n° 3 (March 2010) . - pp 179 - 190[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 266-2010031 SL Revue Centre de documentation Revues en salle Disponible L'altitude : une question de point de vue / Paul Rebischung in Géomatique expert, n° 73 (01/02/2010)
[article]
Titre : L'altitude : une question de point de vue Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Paul Rebischung , Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp 18 - 22 Langues : Français (fre) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Nivellement
[Termes IGN] champ de pesanteur terrestre
[Termes IGN] nivellement
[Termes IGN] Nivellement de référence français
[Termes IGN] réseau de nivellementRésumé : (Editeur) Si, avec le GPS, la détermination de la position planimétrique est désormais facile et précise, ce n'est pas le cas pour l'altitude, notion qui recouvre différents problèmes à la fois de référence et de mesure. Extrait d'une conférence donnée à l'occasion du forum de photogrammétrie par Paul Rebischung de l'IGN. Numéro de notice : A2010-097 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article DOI : sans Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=30293
in Géomatique expert > n° 73 (01/02/2010) . - pp 18 - 22[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 265-2010011 RAB Revue Centre de documentation Revues en salle Disponible Finite element method for solving geodetic boundary value problems / Z. Faskova in Journal of geodesy, vol 84 n° 2 (February 2010)
[article]
Titre : Finite element method for solving geodetic boundary value problems Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Z. Faskova, Auteur ; Robert Cunderlik, Auteur ; Karol Mikula, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp 135 - 144 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Géodésie physique
[Termes IGN] champ de pesanteur terrestre
[Termes IGN] Earth Gravity Model 2008
[Termes IGN] géoïde
[Termes IGN] méthode des éléments finis
[Termes IGN] problème de Dirichlet
[Termes IGN] problème des valeurs limitesRésumé : (Auteur) The goal of this paper is to present the finite element scheme for solving the Earth potential problems in 3D domains above the Earth surface. To that goal we formulate the boundary-value problem (BVP) consisting of the Laplace equation outside the Earth accompanied by the Neumann as well as the Dirichlet boundary conditions (BC). The 3D computational domain consists of the bottom boundary in the form of a spherical approximation or real triangulation of the Earth’s surface on which surface gravity disturbances are given. We introduce additional upper (spherical) and side (planar and conical) boundaries where the Dirichlet BC is given. Solution of such elliptic BVP is understood in a weak sense, it always exists and is unique and can be efficiently found by the finite element method (FEM). We briefly present derivation of FEM for such type of problems including main discretization ideas. This method leads to a solution of the sparse symmetric linear systems which give the Earth’s potential solution in every discrete node of the 3D computational domain. In this point our method differs from other numerical approaches, e.g. boundary element method (BEM) where the potential is sought on a hypersurface only. We apply and test FEM in various situations. First, we compare the FEM solution with the known exact solution in case of homogeneous sphere. Then, we solve the geodetic BVP in continental scale using the DNSC08 data. We compare the results with the EGM2008 geopotential model. Finally, we study the precision of our solution by the GPS/levelling test in Slovakia where we use terrestrial gravimetric measurements as input data. All tests show qualitative and quantitative agreement with the given solutions. Copyright Springer Numéro de notice : A2010-108 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1007/s00190-009-0349-7 Date de publication en ligne : 13/10/2009 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-009-0349-7 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=30304
in Journal of geodesy > vol 84 n° 2 (February 2010) . - pp 135 - 144[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 266-2010021 SL Revue Centre de documentation Revues en salle Disponible Global gravity field determination using the GPS measurements made onboard the low Earth orbiting satellite CHAMP / Lars Prange (2010)
Titre : Global gravity field determination using the GPS measurements made onboard the low Earth orbiting satellite CHAMP Type de document : Rapport Auteurs : Lars Prange, Auteur Editeur : Zurich : Schweizerischen Geodatischen Kommission / Commission Géodésique Suisse Année de publication : 2010 Collection : Geodätisch-Geophysikalische Arbeiten in der Schweiz, ISSN 0257-1722 num. 81 Importance : 212 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-3-908440-25-3 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Géodésie physique
[Termes IGN] champ de pesanteur terrestre
[Termes IGN] données CHAMP
[Termes IGN] données GPS
[Termes IGN] Global Positioning System
[Termes IGN] gravimétrie spatiale
[Termes IGN] modèle de géopotentiel
[Termes IGN] orbite basse
[Termes IGN] orbitographie
[Termes IGN] positionnement par GPS
[Termes IGN] validation des données
[Termes IGN] variation saisonnièreIndex. décimale : 30.40 Géodésie physique Résumé : (Auteur) The major goal of this work was to to generate "the best possible" static CHAMP-only gravity field model using most of the openly available CHAMP data. Firstly we wanted to assess the full potential but also the limitations of CHAMP data and a CHAMP-like satellite mission for gravity field determination. Secondly we wanted to gain as much insight as possible in determining gravity fields (static and time variable) from space-based GNSS data in general, because several current and future satellite missions (dedicated to gravity field research, but also non-dedicated) equipped with GNSS receivers could benefit from improvements made here. We believe to have come close to achieving these goals by generating, validating, and publishing the static Earth gravity field models AIUB-CHAMPOIS, AIUB-CHAMP02S, and AIUB-CHAMP03S. Furthermore, the largest constituents of the seasonal gravity field variations could be retrieved from CHAMP data, as well. The Celestial Mechanics Approach (CMA) was successfully applied for gravity field determination. Note de contenu : 1 Introduction
2 Measuring the Earth's gravity field
2.1 Terrestrial geodesy
2.2 Satellite geodesy
2.2.1 Optical observations
2.2.2 Microwave methods
2.2.3 Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR)
2.2.4 Satellite altimetry
2.2.5 High-low SST of CHAMP
2.2.6 Low-low SST with GRACE
2.2.7 Satellite gradiometry with GOCE
3 Orbit determination and gravity field recovery
3.1 Least squares adjustment
3.1.1 Basic concept
3.1.2 LSA techniques
3.2 Coordinate systems
3.2.1 Geocentric quasi-inertial system
3.2.2 Earth-fixed coordinate system
3.2.3 Satellite-fixed coordinate system
3.3 Satellite orbits
3.3.1 Dynamic orbits
3.3.2 Reduced-dynamic orbits
3.3.3 Kinematic orbits
3.4 The equation of motion
3.5 Spherical harmonic representation of the gravitational potential
3.6 Orbit and gravity field determination
3.6.1 Numerical integration of the primary equations
3.6.2 Numerical integration of the variational equations
4. Global Positioning System - GPS
4.1 History
4.2 Basic measurement principle
4.3 GPS orbit constellation and satellites
4.4 GPS signals
4.5 Modeling GPS observables
4.5.1 Observation equations
4.5.2 Observation differences
4.5.3 Linear combinations
4.6 The International GNSS Service (IGS)
4.7 Bernese GPS Software (BSW)
5 Data processing
5.1 Generation of the A1UB-CHAMP01S gravity field model
5.1.1 Data Screening
5.1.2 Gravity field recovery
5.1.3 The AIUB-CHAMP01S gravity field model
5.2 Generation of the AIUB-CHAMP02S gravity field model
5.2.1 GNSS model changes
5.2.2 GPS orbit reprocessing
5.2.3 GPS satellite clock reprocessing
5.2.4 CHAMP orbit determination
5.2.5 AIUB-CHAMP02S gravity field recovery
5.2.6 The AIUB-CHAMP02S gravity field model
5.3 Generation of the AIUB-CHAMP03S gravity field model
5.3.1 Estimation of high-rate GPS satellite clock corrections
5.3.2 CHAMP orbit determination
5.3.3 Data screening and gravity field recovery
5.3.4 The AIUB-CHAMP03S gravity field model
6 Studies and experiments
6.1 Studies related to A1UB-C11AMP01S
6.1.1 Orbit modeling with arc-specific parameters
6.1.2 Modeling of non-gravitational perturbations with dynamic force models
6.1.3 Accelerometer data
6.1.4 Simulation study
6.1.5 Observation weights .
6.1.6 Influence of the a priori gravity field model
6.1.7 Screening the kinematic positions
6.1.8 Quality variations in monthly gravity field solutions
6.1.9 Summary and discussion of the IUB-CHAMPOlS-related studies
6.2 Experiments related to AIUB-CI1AMP02S
6.2.1 The impact of GNSS model changes
6.2.2 Inconsistency in the low degree harmonics
6.2.3 Simulation study
6.2.4 Latitude dependency of the observation scenario
6.2.5 Summary and conclusion of the AIUB-CHAMP02S-related studies
6.3 Experiments related to AIUB-CHAMP03S ..
6.3.1 Influence of empirical PCV-models on gravity field recovery using CHAMP GPS data ..
6.3.2 Elevation-dependent weighting
6.3.3 Observation sampling
6.3.4 Inter-epoch correlations of kinematic positions
6.3.5 Position differences vs. positions
6.3.6 Impact of observations of eclipsing GPS satellites on CHAMP gravity field recovery ...
6.3.7 Temporal variations of the Earth's gravity field
6.3.8 Recovery of the low degree harmonics
6.3.9 Summary of the experiments related to AIUB-CHAMP03S
7 Gravity field validation
7.1 Validation methods
7.1.1 Formal errors
7.1.2 Comparison with other gravity field models
7.1.3 Comparison with ground data
7.1.4 Altimetry data
7.1.5 Orbit determination
7.2 Validation of AIUB-CHAMP01S
7.2.1 Internal validation .
7.2.2 External validation
7.3 Validation of AIUB-CHAMP02S
7.3.1 Internal validation
7.3.2 External validation
7.4 Validation of AIUB-CHAMP03S
7.4.1 Internal validation
7.4.2 External validation
8 Summary and conclusionsNuméro de notice : 10370 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Rapport de recherche En ligne : https://www.sgc.ethz.ch/sgc-volumes/sgk-81.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=62409 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 10370-01 30.40 Livre Centre de documentation Géodésie Disponible Identification and modelling of sea level change contributors on GRACE satellite gravity data and their applications to climate monitoring / Bert Wouters (2010)
Titre : Identification and modelling of sea level change contributors on GRACE satellite gravity data and their applications to climate monitoring Type de document : Monographie Auteurs : Bert Wouters, Auteur Editeur : Delft : Netherlands Geodetic Commission NGC Année de publication : 2010 Collection : Netherlands Geodetic Commission Publications on Geodesy, ISSN 0165-1706 num. 73 Importance : 182 p. Format : 17 x 24 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-90-6132-316-7 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Applications de géodésie spatiale
[Termes IGN] champ de pesanteur terrestre
[Termes IGN] changement climatique
[Termes IGN] GRACE
[Termes IGN] Groenland
[Termes IGN] niveau moyen des mers
[Termes IGN] surveillance météorologiqueIndex. décimale : 30.83 Applications océanographiques de géodésie spatiale Résumé : (Auteur) Recently, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change named sea level rise as one of the major challenges of the 21st century. Given the high population density of coastal regions, a small rise of the sea level will have a substantial impact on human society. However, the Earth's climate system is a complex matter arid model predictions of the sea level changes likely to be expected in the coming century currently show a wide spread. Clearly, a thorough understanding of present-day climate variability is imperative narrow this uncertainty band, which on its turn depends on the availability of accurate and detailed observations of our climate.
A valuable contribution to the expanding array of satellites dedicated to observations of the Earth System, are the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites, launched in March 2002. This mission is dedicated to observing changes of the Earth's gravity field at (sub-)monthly intervals. At time-scales of a few years, these changes are mostly related to the redistribution of water on the Earth's surface. For example, a thinning of the Greenland ice sheet will manifest itself as a local negative anomaly in the gravity field, whereas the water that is added to the ocean will show up as a predominantly positive anomaly. The main objective of this dissertation is to study how the GRACE observations can be used to improve our knowledge of changes in the Earth's climate systems, and how the data should be processed in order to optimize quality and spatial resolution.
The GRACE data provided by the science teams consist of spherical harmonic coefficients. They show particular correlations between coefficients of identical order and even and odd degree, respectively, due to the mission's architecture and deficiencies in the background models used throughout the processing of the satellite measurements. These noise artifacts show up as striping patterns along the north-south direction in the monthly maps of surface mass changes, hampering the interpretation of the observations. In this dissertation, it is shown that empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is an effective method to reduce the noise in the GRACE data. This statistical tool separates a data set into a number of characteristic (eigen) modes of variance, in combination with an index describing the amplitude of the mode in time, i.e. the principal components. The EOF analysis can be applied to the maps of surface mass changes, in which case the first few modes are related to the annual and long-term trend components. The fourth mode appears to be related to the El Nino/Southern Oscillation. The noise signals arc absorbed by the higher modes, which makes the leading modes largely stripe-free up to a resolution of approximately 400 kilometers.
A further reduction of the noise can be obtained by applying the EOF de-composition directly to the spherical harmonic coefficients, after grouping them following order. The principal components arc compared to a random process and, if the two arc statistically sufficiently alike, not used in the further data processing. A series of tests shows that this approach reduces the noise by 60-80 %, compared the non-filtered case. An important feature of this filter is that it does not alter the shape of the signal and causes less reduction its power, compared to other commonly used filter methods based on the approach of Swenson and Walir (2006).
Using the filtered data, changes in the mass content of the ocean have been studied. The GRACE satellites are capable of capturing seasonal changes in the ocean mass content accurately on a global scale. In combination with sea surface height observations made by satellite altimeter, the steric sea level component (related to changes in the heat and salinity content of the ocean) can be separated as well. A comparison with reference data sets shows that locally a coherent signal can be obtained at a (Gaussian) resolution of approximately 500 km over the oceans. These steric changes dominate the sea level in most of the oceans, but strong ocean bottom pressure fluctuations are observed in several areas, e.g., the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Gulf of Thailand. Estimates of long-term changes in the ocean mass and heat content arc a more challenging problem, and require a longer observation period and a better modeling of mass redistribution in the solid earth and the position of the center of mass of the Earth, two components to which the GRACE observations arc particularly sensitive.
It is found that the global spherical harmonic coefficients contain more information than previously acknowledged. This is demonstrated by using the GRACE data to obtain a picture of the mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet at a regional scale. From the research in this dissertations, it shows that Greenland lost 179 Gigaton each year on average between 2003 and 2008, causing a global mean rise of sea level by 0.5 mm/yr. Comparing the trend in the first few to that in the last few years shows a speed-up of the thinning, which corroborates the picture of an increasingly negative mass balance of the ice sheet since the mid 1990's as indicated by, for example, regional climate models and radar altimetry observations. The majority of the losses occur in the coastal regions in the southeastern sector. The northwestern coastal zones were approximately in balance up to the summer of 2005, but show strong negative trends since. Large year-to-year differences in the mass balance of the ice sheet are observed, with a record loss in the warm summer of 2007. A strong correlation between the GRACE observations in summer and satellite measurements of surface melt area extent is demonstrated. Also, good agreement is found with regional climate modeling data, highlighting the potential of the GRACE observations to validate and improve the numerical models.
A mass redistribution on land will cause a change in the shape of the global geoid. Sea level, when not acted upon by any other forcings, will adjust to this equipotential surface. Therefore, when water is exchanged between ocean and continents (and changes due to ocean dynamics are disregarded), sea level will not rise or fall uniformly, which is known as the so-called self-gravitation effect. Due to their global coverage, the GRACE observations of continental mass distribution are an excellent input to model this phenomenon. Strongest deviations from a uniform distribution are found off the coast of Alaska and in the Bay of Bengal, where differences of more than 100% are found on seasonal time-scales. In these regions, inclusion of the self-gravitation effect into numerical ocean model would result in a better agreement between modeled and observational data.
From the work presented in this dissertation, it shows that the GRACE satellites are an invaluable tool for the monitoring of our climate system. Statistically filtering of the data reveals a wealth of information. In combination with altimetry observations, the GRACE data allows the separation of mass and steric components in sea level on seasonal time scales. Given a longer observational period and an improved understanding of the processes in the solid earth, expected to come available soon thanks to ESA's GOCE missions, long-term trends in these components will be identifiable. Furthermore, the GRACE mission allows us to put a constraint on the contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to present-day sea level rise. The technique to recover these changes can easily be expanded to other regions, such as the Antarctic or the Alaskan glacier fields. The synergy between GRACE data, future missions such as Cryosat-2, which will map height variations of the cryosphere with an unprecedented accuracy, and regional climate models, uncovering the physical processes behind the observed changes, promises a leap forward in our understanding of the mass balance of the ice sheets. Finally, com-paring the modeled deviations from uniform sea level changes with in-situ data such as from tide-gauges, may lead to a direct validation of the aforementioned self-gravitation theory with present-day data.Numéro de notice : 10335 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Monographie DOI : sans En ligne : https://www.ncgeo.nl/downloads/73Wouters.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=62396 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 10335-01 30.83 Livre Centre de documentation Géodésie Disponible PermalinkClassical globally reflected gravity field determination in modern locally oriented multiscale framework / W. Freeden in Journal of geodesy, vol 83 n° 12 (December 2009)PermalinkLocal multi-polar expansions in potential field modeling / B. Minchev in Earth, Planets and Space, vol 61 n° 10 (October 2009)PermalinkTriangulated spherical splines for geopotential reconstruction / M.J. Lai in Journal of geodesy, vol 83 n° 8 (August 2009)PermalinkThe determination of potential difference by the joint application of measured and synthetical gravity data: a case study in Hungary / G. Papp in Journal of geodesy, vol 83 n° 6 (June 2009)PermalinkGlobal geodetic observing system for geohazards and global change / Hans-Peter Plag in Géosciences, n° 9 (avril 2009)PermalinkLes marées terrestres, la dynamique du manteau et la sismicité / Laurent Métivier in Géomatique expert, n° 67 (01/02/2009)PermalinkPermalinkOptima multi-step collocation: application to the space-wise approach for GOCE data analysis / M. Reguzzoni in Journal of geodesy, vol 83 n° 1 (January 2009)PermalinkPhysically consistent system model for the study of the Earth's rotation, surface deformation and gravity field parameters / A. Hense (2009)PermalinkA study reference frame consistency in recent Earth gravitational models / Christopher Kotsakis in Journal of geodesy, vol 83 n° 1 (January 2009)PermalinkOn the explicit determination of stability constants for linearized geodetic boundary value problems / Fernando Sanso in Journal of geodesy, vol 82 n° 12 (December 2008)PermalinkVariations in the accuracy of gravity recovery due to ground track variability: GRACE, CHAMP, and GOCE / J. Klokocnik in Journal of geodesy, vol 82 n° 12 (December 2008)PermalinkThe gravitational effect of ocean tide loading at high latitude coastal stations in Norway / D.I. Lysaker in Journal of geodesy, vol 82 n° 9 (September 2008)PermalinkRetrieving earthquake signature in GRACE gravity solutions / Olivier de Viron in Geophysical journal international, vol 174 n° 1 (July 2008)PermalinkLength-of-day and space-geodetic determination of the Earth's variable gravity field / G. Bourda in Journal of geodesy, vol 82 n° 4-5 (April - May 2008)PermalinkGOCE's measurements of the gravity field and beyond / R. Floberghaben in ESA bulletin, n° 133 (February 2008)PermalinkPractical geodesy: part 3 The geoid / Huibert-Jan Lekkerkerk in Geoinformatics, vol 10 n° 4 (01/06/2007)PermalinkNational report of the Federal Republic of Germany on the geodetic activities in the years 2003-2007, XXIV [24th] general assembly of the International Union for Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) 2007 in Perugia, Italy / J. Muller (2007)PermalinkPseudo-stochastic orbit modeling of low earth satellites using the Global Positioning System / Adrian Jäggi (2007)Permalink