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Titre : Level of detail in 3D city models Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Filip Biljecki, Auteur ; Jantien E. Stoter, Auteur ; Hugo Ledoux, Auteur Editeur : Delft [Pays-Bas] : Delft University of Technology Année de publication : 2017 Note générale : bibliographie
Doctoral dissertation, Delft university of technologyLangues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Bases de données localisées
[Termes IGN] analyse de sensibilité
[Termes IGN] bâtiment
[Termes IGN] CityGML
[Termes IGN] erreur en position
[Termes IGN] modèle 3D de l'espace urbain
[Termes IGN] niveau de détail
[Termes IGN] propagation d'erreur
[Termes IGN] SIG 3D
[Termes IGN] spécificationRésumé : (auteur) The concept of level of detail (LOD) describes the content of 3D city models and it plays an essential role during their life cycle. On one hand it comes akin to the concepts of scale in cartography and LOD in computer graphics, on the other hand it is a standalone concept that requires attention. LOD has an influence on tendering and acquisition, and it has a hand in storage, maintenance, and application aspects. However, it has not been significantly researched, and this PhD thesis fills this void. This thesis reviews dozens of current LOD standards, revealing that most practitioners consider the LOD to be comprised solely of the geometric detail of data and there are disparate views on the concept as a whole. However, the research suggests that the LOD encompasses additional metrics, such as semantics and texture. The thesis formalises the concept, enabling integration and comparison of current LOD standards. The established framework may be applied to cartography and to different forms of 3D geoinformation such as point clouds. Following the formalised concept, a new LOD specification is presented improving the LOD concept in the current OGC CityGML 2.0 standard, a prominent norm in the 3D GIS industry. The specification introduces 16 LODs for buildings that are shaped after analysing the capabilities of acquisition techniques and a large number of real-world datasets. The improved LOD specification may be integrated in product portfolios and tenders, preventing misunderstandings between stakeholders, and as a better language for communicating the specifics of a dataset to be acquired. The specification also considers different approaches to realise the data. Such geometric references result in dozens of different variants of the same LOD.3D data according to the LOD specification was generated using a procedural modelling engine that was developed over the course of the research. The engine is capable of producing 3D city models in a large number of different variants and according to the CityGML standard. The thesis also catalogues the many different ways to create 3D city models. A prominent technique for producing data in a different LOD is generalisation, i.e. simplifying a 3D city model. The inverse---augmenting the LOD of a dataset---has not been researched to a great extent, and this thesis gives an overview of the topic. This research demonstrates that it is possible to generate 3D city models without elevation measurements, inherently augmenting the LOD of coarser data (2D footprints). The method relies on machine learning: several attributes found in 2D datasets may hint at the height of a building, thus enabling extrusion and creating 3D city models suited for several applications.Some acquisition techniques may result in multi-LOD datasets, and nowadays there are some regions represented in different, independent datasets. However, it was found that possibilities to link such data are deficient. The lack of linking mechanisms inhibits acquisition, storage, and maintenance of multi-LOD data. Two methods for linking features across two or more LODs have been developed resulting in an increased consistency of multi-LOD datasets. The first method links matching geometries across multiple LODs, while the second method establishes a 4D data structure in which the LOD is modelled as the fourth (spatial) dimension.It is often believed that the more detailed 3D data the better. However, similarly as in computer graphics, dealing with data at fine LODs comes at a cost: such datasets are harder to obtain, their storage footprint is large, and their usage within a spatial analysis may be slow. Scarce research has been dedicated to investigating whether an increase in the LOD of the data brings a comparably significant increase in benefits when the data is used in a spatial analysis.First, an analysis using real-world multi-LOD data was carried out. Different LODs of spatial data covering the Netherlands was used in a spatial analysis to refine population maps, obtaining different results for each LOD. However, several problems are exposed, revealing that using real data for such investigations is not optimal.The remainder of the research focuses on using procedurally generated data for such experiments. Synthetic data in several different LODs has been generated and employed for four spatial analyses (estimation of the building shadow, envelope area, volume, and solar irradiation). The experiments result in different conclusions. Finer LODs usually bring some improvement to the quality of the spatial analysis, but not always and such may be negligible. The results of the experiments ultimately depend on the spatial analysis that is considered. The varying results between different spatial analyses make each of them unique. Furthermore, the benefit a finer LOD brings to a spatial analysis is not always clear and easily measurable. In short, striving to produce data at finer LODs may please the eye, but this is not always counter-balanced in the benefit it brings to a spatial analysis.A further addition to the equation above is that when realised, 3D city models are unavoidably burdened with acquisition errors. An error propagation analysis was performed by disturbing the procedurally generated datasets with a range of simulated positional errors. Comparisons have been made between the intentionally degraded datasets and their error-free counterparts, thus obtaining the magnitude of uncertainty the positional errors cause in a spatial analysis. Based on these experiments, several findings are discovered, most importantly:1. How the LODs are realised (which geometric references are used) has a larger influence than the LOD. A coarse LOD produced with a favourable geometric reference may yield better results than a finer LOD realised with an unfavourable reference.2. Positional errors considerably affect spatial analyses. The effect is comparable across similar LODs. Simpler LODs are sligthly less affected by positional errors, but they may contain a large systematic error.3. Errors induced in the acquisition process generally cancel out the improvement provided by finer LODs. The main conclusion is that in the considered spatial analyses the positional error has a significantly higher impact than the LOD. As a consequence, it is suggested that it is pointless to acquire geoinformation at a fine LOD if the acquisition method is not accurate, and instead it is advised to focus on the improvement of accuracy of the data. The thesis proposes additional research for future work. For example, since this research focuses specifically on 3D building models, it would be worth extending the research to other urban features such as roads and vegetation. Furthermore, quality control in 3D GIS does not encompass the evaluation of the LOD of data. Hence integration of the LOD in quality standards should be a priority for future work. Note de contenu : 1- Introduction
2- Background
3- Formalisation of LOD
4- Designing an LOD specification for buildings
5- Variants of LODs
6- Realisation of the specification
7- Generating 3D city models without elevation data
8- Managing multi-LOD data
9- Influence of LOD on spatial analyses (I)
10- Influence of LOD on spatial analyses (II)
11- Sensitivity of LOD to positional errors
12- Combining LOD and positional errors
13- Conclusions and future prospectsNuméro de notice : 17541 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Thèse étrangère Note de thèse : Doctoral dissertation : : Delft university of technology : 2017 DOI : 10.4233/uuid:f12931b7-5113-47ef-bfd4-688aae3be248 En ligne : https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3Af12931b7-5113-47ef-bfd4-68 [...] Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=91250 An improved LOD specification for 3D building models / Filip Biljecki in Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, vol 59 (September 2016)
[article]
Titre : An improved LOD specification for 3D building models Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Filip Biljecki, Auteur ; Hugo Ledoux, Auteur ; Jantien E. Stoter, Auteur Année de publication : 2016 Article en page(s) : pp 25 - 37 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Bases de données localisées
[Termes IGN] CityGML
[Termes IGN] modèle 3D de l'espace urbain
[Termes IGN] modélisation 3D du bâti BIM
[Termes IGN] niveau de détail
[Termes IGN] représentation multiple
[Termes IGN] SIG 3DRésumé : (auteur) The level of detail (LOD) concept of the OGC standard CityGML 2.0 is intended to differentiate multi-scale representations of semantic 3D city models. The concept is in practice principally used to indicate the geometric detail of a model, primarily of buildings. Despite the popularity and the general acceptance of this categorisation, we argue in this paper that from a geometric point of view the five LODs are insufficient and that their specification is ambiguous.
We solve these shortcomings with a better definition of LODs and their refinement. Hereby we present a refined set of 16 LODs focused on the grade of the exterior geometry of buildings, which provide a stricter specification and allow less modelling freedom. This series is a result of an exhaustive research into currently available 3D city models, production workflows, and capabilities of acquisition techniques. Our specification also includes two hybrid models that reflect common acquisition practices. The new LODs are in line with the LODs of CityGML 2.0, and are intended to supplement, rather than replace the geometric part of the current specification. While in our paper we focus on the geometric aspect of the models, our specification is compatible with different levels of semantic granularity. Furthermore, the improved LODs can be considered format-agnostic.
Among other benefits, the refined specification could be useful for companies for a better definition of their product portfolios, and for researchers to specify data requirements when presenting use cases of 3D city models. We support our refined LODs with experiments, proving their uniqueness by showing that each yields a different result in a 3D spatial operation.Numéro de notice : A2016-406 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2016.04.005 Date de publication en ligne : 12/05/2016 En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2016.04.005 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=81230
in Computers, Environment and Urban Systems > vol 59 (September 2016) . - pp 25 - 37[article]A two-level topological model for 3D features in CityGML / Lin Li in Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, vol 59 (September 2016)
[article]
Titre : A two-level topological model for 3D features in CityGML Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Lin Li, Auteur ; Feng Luo, Auteur ; Haihong Zhu, Auteur ; Shen Ying, Auteur ; Zhigang Zhao, Auteur Année de publication : 2016 Article en page(s) : pp 11- 24 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Applications SIG
[Termes IGN] CityGML
[Termes IGN] contrainte de cohérence
[Termes IGN] intégrité topologique
[Termes IGN] modèle 3D de l'espace urbain
[Termes IGN] modèle topologique de données
[Termes IGN] niveau de détail
[Termes IGN] objet géographique 3D
[Termes IGN] primitive géométrique
[Termes IGN] relation topologique
[Termes IGN] relation topologique 3D
[Termes IGN] SIG 3DRésumé : (auteur) CityGML, as the standard for the representation and exchange of 3D city models, contains rich information in terms of geometry, semantics, topology and appearance. With respect to topology, CityGML adopts the XLink approach to represent topological relationships between different geometric aggregates or thematic features; however, it is limited to shared objects. This paper proposes a two-level model for representing 3D topological relationships in CityGML: high-level (semantic-level) topology between semantic features and low-level (geometric-level) topology between geometric primitives. Five topological relationships are adopted in this model: touch, in, equal, overlap and disjoint. The semantic-level topology is derived from the geometric-level topology on the basis of the shared geometric primitives. To maintain the 3D topology, topological consistency rules are presented. An Application Domain Extension, called TopoADE, is proposed for the implementation of the topological model. The TopoADE consists of three modules: Topology, Feature and Geometry. Finally, 3D city models with LoD1 to LoD4 are used to test this model. Experimentation on those data sets indicates a validation of the proposed topological model in CityGML. Numéro de notice : A2016-405 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2016.04.007 Date de publication en ligne : 12/05/2016 En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2016.04.007 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=81228
in Computers, Environment and Urban Systems > vol 59 (September 2016) . - pp 11- 24[article]OpenBIM framework for a collaborative historic preservation system / Shawn E. O'Keeffe in International journal of 3-D information modeling, vol 5 n° 4 (October - December 2016)
[article]
Titre : OpenBIM framework for a collaborative historic preservation system Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Shawn E. O'Keeffe, Auteur Année de publication : 2016 Article en page(s) : pp 1 - 11 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Géomatique web
[Termes IGN] application web
[Termes IGN] CityGML
[Termes IGN] code source libre
[Termes IGN] données lidar
[Termes IGN] données localisées 3D
[Termes IGN] format d'échange
[Termes IGN] format Industry foudation classes IFC
[Termes IGN] logiciel libre
[Termes IGN] modélisation 3D du bâti BIM
[Termes IGN] monde virtuel
[Termes IGN] monument historique
[Termes IGN] préservation
[Termes IGN] surveillance d'ouvrage
[Termes IGN] système d'information géographique
[Termes IGN] télémétrie laser terrestreRésumé : (auteur) The authors have developed a novel system framework for a historic preservation system utilising open standards and open source tools. The framework enables the integration of open standard 3D models and GIS in a virtual environment (VE). It also allows the storage and harvesting of data via an open source web-based central repository. The framework is designed for bi-directional interoperability when utilised for monument tracking, preservation, conservation, re-excavation, etc. To date, no such system framework exists for the development and management of historic monuments using open standards e57 for terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data, the industry foundation classes (IFC) for 3D semantic rich models, and CityGML for integrating IFC and GIS in a VE. The web-based VE is accessed from the BimServer and envisaged for monitoring monument erosion, movement, and damage to monuments by human activity or nature, collaboration between different industry actors to share knowledge, experience, and expertise globally, etc. Numéro de notice : A2016--162 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE/IMAGERIE Nature : Article DOI : 10.4018/IJ3DIM.2016100101 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.4018/IJ3DIM.2016100101 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=85915
in International journal of 3-D information modeling > vol 5 n° 4 (October - December 2016) . - pp 1 - 11[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 138-2016041 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible Information géographique environnementale et conception d'infrastructure : quel détail pour l'information partagée ? / Charles-Edouard Tolmer in XYZ, n° 147 (juin - août 2016)
[article]
Titre : Information géographique environnementale et conception d'infrastructure : quel détail pour l'information partagée ? Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Charles-Edouard Tolmer, Auteur ; Christophe Castaing, Auteur Année de publication : 2016 Article en page(s) : pp 24 - 27 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Français (fre) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] autoroute
[Termes IGN] CityGML
[Termes IGN] données environnementales
[Termes IGN] données localisées 3D
[Termes IGN] intégration de données
[Termes IGN] Marseille
[Termes IGN] milieu urbain
[Termes IGN] modélisation 3D du bâti BIM
[Termes IGN] partage de données localisées
[Termes IGN] pollution acoustique
[Termes IGN] qualité des données
[Vedettes matières IGN] GéovisualisationRésumé : (Editeur) [Introduction] Aujourd'hui, des changements profonds dans la manière de concevoir les projets d'infrastructures apparaissent. Ils sont engendrés par l'actuelle mutation du paradigme de la conception et se traduisent concrètement par ce qui est appelé "le BIM" (Building Information Modeling) (Castaing & Tolmer 2015 ; Tolmer 2016). Le BIM consiste en une restructuration des processus de conception dans une optique de travail collaboratif et à plus long terme d'ingénierie concourante. Toutefois, les données des études environnementales pour les projets d'infrastructures de transports sont encore mal intégrées dans les processus de conception. [...] Numéro de notice : A2016-398 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : sans Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=81222
in XYZ > n° 147 (juin - août 2016) . - pp 24 - 27[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 112-2016021 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible The variants of an LOD of a 3D building model and their influence on spatial analyses / Filip Biljecki in ISPRS Journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing, vol 116 (June 2016)PermalinkDie Fortführung des 3D-Gebäudemodells LoD2 in Nordrhein-Westfalen / Marco Oestereich in ZFV, Zeitschrift für Geodäsie, Geoinformation und Landmanagement, Vol 141 n° 3 (Mai - Juni 2016)PermalinkEnergy planning tools and CityGML-based 3D virtual city models: experiences from Trento (Italy) / Giorgio Agugiaro in Applied geomatics, vol 8 n° 1 (March 2016)PermalinkModellbasierte Transformation von 3D-Gebäudemodellen nach INSPIRE / Klement Aringer in ZFV, Zeitschrift für Geodäsie, Geoinformation und Landmanagement, Vol 141 n° 3 (Mai - Juni 2016)PermalinkModelling, encoding and transforming of open geographic data to examine interoperability between GIS applications / Arif Cagdas Aydinoglu in Geocarto international, vol 31 n° 3 - 4 (March - April 2016)PermalinkA WFS profile for the national urban planning website: géoportail de l’urbanisme [diaporama] / Marie Lambois (2016)PermalinkAutomatically enhancing CityGML LOD2 models with a corresponding indoor geometry / Roeland Boeters in International journal of geographical information science IJGIS, vol 29 n° 12 (December 2015)PermalinkSemantic volume texture for virtual city building model visualisation / Lin Li in Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, vol 54 (November 2015)Permalink3D web services for visualization and data sharing in 3D cadastre / Ali Zare Zardiny in International journal of 3-D information modeling, vol 4 n° 4 (October - December 2015)PermalinkAutomatic transformation of different levels of detail in 3D GIS city models in CityGML / Yichuan Deng in International journal of 3-D information modeling, vol 4 n° 3 (July - September 2015)Permalink