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Automatisierung der kartographischen Verdrängung mittels Energieminimierung / Dirk Burghardt (2001)
Titre : Automatisierung der kartographischen Verdrängung mittels Energieminimierung Titre original : [Automatisation de l'élimination cartographique avec la minimalisation d'énergie] Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Dirk Burghardt, Auteur Editeur : Munich : Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften Année de publication : 2001 Collection : DGK - C Sous-collection : Dissertationen num. 536 Importance : 95 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-3-7696-9575-5 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Allemand (ger) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Bases de données localisées
[Termes IGN] calcul variationnel
[Termes IGN] cartographie numérique
[Termes IGN] conflit d'espace
[Termes IGN] déplacement d'objet géographique
[Termes IGN] données vectorielles
[Termes IGN] factorisation de Cholesky
[Termes IGN] fonction spline
[Termes IGN] formule d'Euler
[Termes IGN] généralisation cartographique automatisée
[Termes IGN] objet géographique linéaire
[Termes IGN] objet géographique ponctuel
[Termes IGN] objet géographique zonalRésumé : (Auteur) With the help of highly advanced cartographic software programs it is possible to produce topographic maps from digital data. In some cases, however, there exist graphical conflicts, because symbol widths require more space than their real-size equivalents. Generalization of such objects by manual editing is rather time-consuming. Therefore, automation of generalization operations is desirable and should be possible in the age of information technology.
Automated cartographic displacement of vector data distinguishes between point, line and area objects subject to processing. Modeling of line objects assumes a central position, because the human eye is extremely sensitive to shape alterations caused by displacement. In many applications splines are well-known tool for describing lines. It is especially the energy-minimizing spline also called snakes model shape deformation as a result of external forces. The internal energy is used to maintain the line shape which has been displaced due to conflicts. First and second derivatives of the line coordinates with respect to the are length are used as quality measures. In cartographic displacement a minimal distance between adjacent objects should be maintained. The external energy is used to describe the conflict situation if objects are too close to each other.
To solve the graphic conflicts while maintaining the shape of the objects, the method of energy minimization is employed. Minimizing the energy functional of internal and external energy leads to two independent Euler equations. These are discretized by means of finite differences. The equations can be solved iteratively using the Cholesky factorization. Parametrization of the energy-minimizing splines by means of the tangent angle function (tafus) replaces the two eulerian equations of the 4th order with one equation of the 2nd order. Simplification of the equation system requires an additional amount of calculation for transforming the resulting changes of line direction to attain cartesian coordinates. Verification of a desirably faster convergence has yet to be achieved. The Greedy Algorithm is an alternative procedure to accomplish energy minimization using the Variational Calculus. With the aid of this algorithm the energy of each individual support point is minimized by way of minor displacements. As opposed to the Variational Calculus the effects are more local. Therefore, the Greedy Algorithm is advantageous used for the displacement of buildings or for the positioning of label boxes.
The integration of this displacement approach in a cartographic program provides evidence of the fact that it can be used in practical applications. Cooperation with a software producer will help to find additional fields of application, a case in point being the automated map edge work which allows displacement and suppression of text and symbols at the map boundaries. Experience has shown that the research effort required for developing new software tools is estimated to amount to between 30 and 50 percent of the total effort.Numéro de notice : 27829 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE/INFORMATIQUE Nature : Thèse étrangère Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=56453 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 27829-02 37.10 Livre Centre de documentation Géomatique Disponible 27829-01 37.10 Livre Centre de documentation Géomatique Disponible The constraint method for solving spatial conflicts in cartographic generalization / Lars Harrie in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 26 n° 1 (January 1999)
[article]
Titre : The constraint method for solving spatial conflicts in cartographic generalization Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Lars Harrie, Auteur Année de publication : 1999 Article en page(s) : pp 55 - 69 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] conflit d'espace
[Termes IGN] déplacement d'objet géographique
[Termes IGN] généralisation cartographique automatisée
[Termes IGN] implémentation (informatique)
[Vedettes matières IGN] GénéralisationRésumé : (Auteur) New methods are needed to automate cartographic generalization. This article presents a method for automating the displacement of vector data, called the constraint method. The framework of the method consists of five displacement behavior types. Each cartographic object type belongs to one of these displacement behavior types, which determines the properties of the object type in the displacement process. The displacement behavior types are specified by a set of rules called constraints. The constraint method works as follows. First, it is determined which objects should participate in the displacement process. Then, for each object a set of constraints is set up, depending on its displacement behaviour type. All the constraints build up an overdetermined equation system. This equation system gives how much each object must be moved and/or distorted to solve the spatial conflict. The paper concludes with two applications. Numéro de notice : A1999-171 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304099782424884 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304099782424884 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=26369
in Cartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 26 n° 1 (January 1999) . - pp 55 - 69[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 032-99011 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible A method for building displacement in automated map generalisation / Anne Ruas in International journal of geographical information science IJGIS, vol 12 n° 8 (december 1998)
[article]
Titre : A method for building displacement in automated map generalisation Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Anne Ruas , Auteur Année de publication : 1998 Article en page(s) : pp 789 - 803 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] conflit d'espace
[Termes IGN] déplacement d'objet géographique
[Termes IGN] généralisation cartographique automatisée
[Vedettes matières IGN] GénéralisationRésumé : (Auteur) : The automation of the map design process through map generalisation continues to be a challenging area of research. It is acknowledged that a diverse range of techniques are applied during the process of map generalisation and these have been mirrored by the creation of a range of algorithms that mimic these discrete operations (such as typification, aggregation, selection). This paper discusses in detail one such algorithm that resolves conflict among objects through displacement. Perhaps more critical than the algorithm itself, is the stage prior to the application of displacement (identification, modelling), and the phase after application (the evaluation). It is argued that these two stages are absolutely critical to the successful design of automated systems. The paper begins with a review of other approaches to displacement and then describes a methodology that encompasses detection, resolution through displacement, and evaluation. This methodology has been implemented in Stratège, an object oriented expert system devoted to contextual generalisation. Details of the implementation are given, and results are illustrated using 'real' geographical data. The results are evaluated and the applicability of the entire methodology is discussed in the broader context of other map generalisation algorithms, based on the explicit representation of constraints. Numéro de notice : A1998-203 Affiliation des auteurs : COGIT (1988-2011) Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1080/136588198241509 Date de publication en ligne : 06/08/2010 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1080/136588198241509 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=26167
in International journal of geographical information science IJGIS > vol 12 n° 8 (december 1998) . - pp 789 - 803[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 079-98081 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible Some basic mathematic models for feature displacement in digital map generalization / Z.L. Li (23/06/1997)
contenu dans ICC 97 proceedings 18th ICA/ACI International Cartographic Conference, 1. Volume 1 / L. Ottoson (1997)
Titre : Some basic mathematic models for feature displacement in digital map generalization Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Z.L. Li, Auteur ; B. Su, Auteur Editeur : Gävle : Swedish Cartographic Society Année de publication : 23/06/1997 Conférence : ICC 1997, 18th international cartographic conference ICA 23/06/1997 27/06/1997 Stockholm Suède OA Proceedings Importance : pp 452 - 459 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] conflit d'espace
[Termes IGN] déplacement d'objet géographique
[Termes IGN] généralisation cartographique automatisée
[Termes IGN] modèle mathématique
[Termes IGN] morphologie mathématique
[Termes IGN] translation
[Vedettes matières IGN] GénéralisationRésumé : (Auteur) Generalization is a very important topic in cartography/GIS. After generalization, a process called displacement might be required for the following reasons : (a) features being coalesced due to a reduction in graphic space available ; (b) spatial conflicts being created by inappropriate algorithms or procedures ; (c) the characteristics of the structure of some maps features (i.e. a road junction) needing to be kept. In this study, two types of feature displacement are distinguished, i.e. feature translation and feature modification. Some mathematical models for both types of displacement are presented, which are based on the operators developed in mathematical morphology which is a science dealing with form, shape, and structure of objects. These models have also been experimented using real map data sets. The results show that these models are very promising. Numéro de notice : C1997-060 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Communication Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=65719 Résolution des problèmes de généralisation liès à la symbolisation dans PlaGe / François Lecordix (1997)
Accompagne ICC 97 proceedings 18th ICA/ACI International Cartographic Conference, 2. Volume 2 / L. Ottoson (1997)
Titre : Résolution des problèmes de généralisation liès à la symbolisation dans PlaGe Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : François Lecordix , Auteur Editeur : Gävle : Swedish Cartographic Society Année de publication : 1997 Conférence : ICC 1997, 18th international cartographic conference ICA 23/06/1997 27/06/1997 Stockholm Suède OA Proceedings Importance : pp 743 - 750 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Français (fre) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] conflit d'espace
[Termes IGN] déplacement d'objet géographique
[Termes IGN] détection de conflit
[Termes IGN] lissage de courbe
[Termes IGN] PlaGe (plateforme de généralisation)
[Vedettes matières IGN] GénéralisationNuméro de notice : C1997-040 Affiliation des auteurs : IGN (1940-2011) Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Communication Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=85237 Documents numériques
en open access
Résolution des problèmes de généralisationAdobe Acrobat PDF Displacement as the most powerful indicator of map generalisation / Elsa Maria Joao (1996)PermalinkEin neuer Ansatz zur kartographischen Verdrängung auf der Grundlage eines mechanischen Federmodells / Joachim Bobrich (1996)PermalinkAn algorithm for conflict identification and feature displacement in automated map generalization / William A Mackaness in Cartography and geographic information systems, vol 21 n° 4 (October 1994)PermalinkOptimal estimation of displacements by combining photogrammetric and dynamic models / Costas Armenakis in Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, PERS, vol 54 n° 8 (august 1988)Permalink