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A method to test differences between additional parameter sets with a case study in terrestrial laser scanner self-calibration stability analysis / Derek D. Lichti in ISPRS Journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing, vol 63 n° 2 (March - April 2008)
[article]
Titre : A method to test differences between additional parameter sets with a case study in terrestrial laser scanner self-calibration stability analysis Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Derek D. Lichti, Auteur Année de publication : 2008 Article en page(s) : pp 169 - 180 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Acquisition d'image(s) et de donnée(s)
[Termes IGN] auto-étalonnage
[Termes IGN] compensation par faisceaux
[Termes IGN] erreur systématique
[Termes IGN] orientation du capteur
[Termes IGN] point d'appui
[Termes IGN] reconstruction d'objet
[Termes IGN] stabilité
[Termes IGN] télémètre laser à balayage
[Termes IGN] télémètre laser terrestre
[Termes IGN] test statistiqueRésumé : (Auteur) This paper presents a new method for quantitatively assessing the impact and therefore the significance of differences between sets of additional parameters used to model systematic sensor errors. Focusing on bundle reconstruction at the sensor, simulation-based techniques have recently been proposed as superior methods to standard parameter-space hypothesis testing. This paper experimentally demonstrates the shortcoming of this approach and proposes an improved method that tests the effect of additional parameter differences on object reconstruction, which is generally of primary interest in photogrammetry. Additionally, the arbitrariness in selecting only one or two object space configurations is overcome with the new method by simulating a large number of randomly-generated but realistic control point networks for sensor orientation and a dense grid of points for object reconstruction. The experimental subject of the paper is a Faro 880 terrestrial laser scanner for which 10 sets of calibration parameters have been captured over a 13-month period. While standard parameter-space hypothesis testing indicates the instrument is not stable over this time, the new procedure shows that this is not true in all instances. Copyright ISPRS Numéro de notice : A2008-114 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2007.08.001 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2007.08.001 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=29109
in ISPRS Journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing > vol 63 n° 2 (March - April 2008) . - pp 169 - 180[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 081-08021 SL Revue Centre de documentation Revues en salle Disponible
Titre : Calibration of a terrestrial laser scanner for engineering geodesy Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Thorsten Schulz, Auteur Editeur : Zurich : Institut für Geodäsie und Photogrammetrie IGP - ETH Année de publication : 2008 Collection : IGP Mitteilungen, ISSN 0252-9335 num. 96 Importance : 158 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-3-906467-71-9 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Acquisition d'image(s) et de donnée(s)
[Termes IGN] angle d'incidence
[Termes IGN] balayage laser
[Termes IGN] données lidar
[Termes IGN] données localisées 3D
[Termes IGN] erreur instrumentale
[Termes IGN] étalonnage d'instrument
[Termes IGN] semis de points
[Termes IGN] télémètre laser terrestre
[Termes IGN] traitement automatique de donnéesIndex. décimale : 35.10 Acquisition d'images Résumé : (Auteur) For several years now, terrestrial laser scanning has become an additional surveying technique in geodesy. Recent developments have improved several aspects of terrestrial laser scanners, e.g. the data acquisition rate, accuracy, and range. Since such instruments are relatively new and constructed by manufacturers who do not have advanced experience in surveying instruments, investigations are needed to assess the quality of the instrumental characteristics and the acquired data. In this way, manufacturers will understand the needs of geodesists and in turn enable geodesists to provide the necessary support in the development of improvements. This thesis has three objectives, the calibration and investigation of a terrestrial laser scanner, the post-processing of point clouds acquired by laser scanners, and applications of terrestrial laser scanning.
The first objective is a comprehensive calibration and investigation of a specific laser scanner, the Imager 5003 of Zoller+Frohlich GmbH (Germany). The investigation and calibration procedures shall give a general impulse for all users of terrestrial laser scanning regarding instrumental and non-instrumental errors, the assessment of the quality of distance and angle measurements, and the influencing parameters. Laser scanners are a black box instrument that produces a huge number of 3D points in the form of a point cloud in a short time. However, it is the surveyor, who has to assess the reliability and quality of the resulting data. Therefore, the potential and the limitations of laser scanner systems must be identified. This is particularly important when a distance measurement is influenced by several parameters that can bias the data. Since laser scanning is an active surveying method, mostly independent of lighting conditions, distance measurements do not require prisms. Thus, surveying of almost every object is conceivable.
The second objective involves post-processing of the point clouds. Terrestrial laser scanning consists not only of data acquisition, but also processing of the acquired 3D data, which include an intensity value of the reflected laser beam. The point clouds define the objects and the data contains nearly all the information about the objects due to the high sampling interval of laser scanners. To produce the final result, data processing needs to be completed and this can be quiet involving, e.g. registration, data filtering, noise reduction, triangulation, and modeling. The ratio between post-processing and data acquisition can be 10:1 or greater, which means ten (or more) days of post-processing follow one day of data acquisition. This aspect of post-processing applies for both static laser scanning and kinematic laser scanning. The only difference is that kinematic laser scanning requires an unique method of registration and geo-referencing.
The third objective examines the applications of terrestrial laser scanning. Laser scanning can be used in different fields of applications, e.g. industrial metrology, cultural heritage, reverse engineering, and engineering geodesy. Due to the increased requirements regarding accuracy engineering geodesy appears to be a challenging field. Therefore, three different applications are presented which verify the successful use of terrestrial laser scanning in engineering geodesy. The first application involves the field of urban water management. A road surface was scanned to derive catchment areas and water flow directions. The second application covers the field of engineering geology. A tunnel during and after excavation was scanned to characterize rock mass structures and to derive displacement maps of surfaces and object points. Since the first two applications are based on static laser scanning, which means the laser scanner did not change in position and orientation during scanning, the third application is a kinematic one, which means the laser scanner was in motion during scanning. Such kinematic applications are of great interest since the performance of laser scanning can be increased significantly. Tunnels and roads are especially appropriate for kinematic laser scanning. The potential of kinematic laser scanning is tested by moving the laser scanner along a track line. The quality is assessed by scanning reference points.Note de contenu : 1 Introduction
1.1 Terrestrial Laser Scanning
1.2 Motivation
1.3 Outline
2 Components of Terrestrial Laser Scanner
2.1 Distance and Reflectance Measurement System
2.1.1 Electromagnetic Waves
2.1.2 Laser
2.1.3 Direct Time-of-Flight
2.1.4 Amplitude-Modulated Continuous Wave (AMCW)
2.1.5 Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW)
2.1.6 Overview of Distance Measurement Techniques in Terrestrial Laser Scanners
2.1.7 Avalanche Photo Diode (APD)
2.1.8 Reflection Principles
2.1.9 Reflectance Models
2.2 Angle Measurement System
2.2.1 Incremental Encoding
2.2.2 Binary Encoding
2.3 Deflection System
2.3.1 Oscillating Mirror
2.3.2 Rotating Mirror
2.3.3 Overview of Deflection Techniques in Terrestrial Laser Scanners
3 Calibration of Terrestrial Laser Scanner
3.1 Laboratories and Tools for Calibration
3.1.1 Calibration Track Line
3.1.2 Test Field of Control Points
3.1.3 Test Field of Observation Pillars
3.1.4 Electronic Unit for Frequency Measurement
3.1.5 Calibration of Spheres
3.2 Distance Measurement System
3.2.1 Static Mode
3.2.2 Scanning Mode
3.2.3 Long-Term Stability
3.2.4 Frequency Stability
3.3 Angle Measurement System
3.3.1 Horizontal Encoder
3.3.2 Vertical Encoder
3.3.3 Angular Resolution
3.4 Instrumental Errors
3.4.1 Eccentricity of Scan Center
3.4.2 Wobble of Vertical axis
3.4.3 Error of Collimation Axis
3.4.4 Error of Horizontal Axis
3.5 Non-Instrumental Errors
3.5.1 Intensity of Laser Beam
3.5.2 Angle of Incidence
3.5.3 Surface Properties of Materials
3.6 Precision and Accuracy of Terrestrial Laser Scanner Data
3.6.1 Single Point Precision
3.6.2 Accuracy of Modeled Objects (Spheres)
4 Static Laser Scanning
4.1 Data Processing
4.1.1 Blunder Detection
4.1.2 Mixed Pixel
4.1.3 Range/Intensity Crosstalk .
4.1.4 Multipath
4.1.5 Noise Reduction
4.2 Registration
4.2.1 Target-Based Registration
4.2.2 Point Cloud Registration
4.3 Modeling and Visualization
4.3.1 Geometrical Primitives
4.3.2 Triangulation
4.3.3 NURBS
4.3.4 CAD
4.3.5 Rendering and Texture Mapping
5 Kinematic Laser Scanning
5.1 Test Trolley on Calibration Track Line
5.1.1 Relative Position and Orientation
5.1.2 Absolute Position and Orientation
5.2 Rotation Time of Rotating Mirror of Laser Scanner
5.2.1 Direct Method
5.2.2 Indirect Method
5.2.3 Discussion and Comparison
5.3 Position-Fixing Using Total Station
5.3.1 Blunder Detection and Smoothing
5.3.2 Polynomial Interpolation
5.3.3 Regression Line
5.3.4 Kalman Filtering
5.4 Synchronisation
6 Applications of Terrestrial Laser Scanning
6.1 Static Application: Road Surface Analysis
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Method.
6.1.3 Results
6.2 Static Application: Rock Engineering Applications
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Method.
6.2.3 Results
6.3 Kinematic Application: Test Tunnel
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Kinematic Model: Regression Line
6.3.3 Kinematic Model: Kalman Filter
6.3.4 Results
7 Summary
7.1 Conclusions
7.2 OutlookNuméro de notice : 13652 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Thèse étrangère En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005368245 Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=62557 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 13652-01 35.10 Livre Centre de documentation En réserve M-103 Disponible CAMPINO, a skeletonization method for point cloud processing / Alexander Bucksch in ISPRS Journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing, vol 63 n° 1 (January - February 2008)
[article]
Titre : CAMPINO, a skeletonization method for point cloud processing Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Alexander Bucksch, Auteur ; R. Linderberg, Auteur Année de publication : 2008 Article en page(s) : pp 115 - 127 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Traitement d'image
[Termes IGN] balayage laser
[Termes IGN] segmentation d'image
[Termes IGN] semis de points
[Termes IGN] squelettisation
[Termes IGN] télémètre laser terrestre
[Termes IGN] traitement géométrique de données
[Termes IGN] végétationRésumé : (Auteur) A new algorithm for deriving skeletons and segmentations from point cloud data in O(n) time is explained in this publication. This skeleton is represented as a graph, which can be embedded into the point cloud. The CAMPINO method, (C)ollapsing (A)nd (M)erging (P)rocedures (IN) (O)ctree-graphs, is based on cycle elimination in a graph as derived from an octree based space division procedure. The algorithm is able to extract the skeleton from point clouds generated from either one or multiple viewpoints. The correspondence between the vertices of the graph and the original points of the point cloud is used to derive an initial segmentation of these points. The principle of the algorithm is demonstrated on a synthetic point cloud consisting of 3 connected tori. Initially this algorithm was developed to obtain skeletons from point clouds representing natural trees, measured with the terrestrial laser scanner IMAGER 5003 of Zoller+Fröhlich. The results show that CAMPINO is able to automatically derive realistic skeletons that fit the original point cloud well and are suited as a basis for e.g. further automatic feature extraction or skeleton-based registration. Copyright ISPRS Numéro de notice : A2008-040 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2007.10.004 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2007.10.004 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=29035
in ISPRS Journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing > vol 63 n° 1 (January - February 2008) . - pp 115 - 127[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 081-08011 SL Revue Centre de documentation Revues en salle Disponible Coarse orientation of terrestrial laser scans in urban environments / Claus Brenner in ISPRS Journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing, vol 63 n° 1 (January - February 2008)
[article]
Titre : Coarse orientation of terrestrial laser scans in urban environments Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Claus Brenner, Auteur ; C. Dold, Auteur ; N. Ripperda, Auteur Année de publication : 2008 Article en page(s) : pp 4 - 18 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Acquisition d'image(s) et de donnée(s)
[Termes IGN] analyse comparative
[Termes IGN] milieu urbain
[Termes IGN] orientation du capteur
[Termes IGN] système de référence géodésique
[Termes IGN] télémètre laser terrestre
[Termes IGN] test de performanceRésumé : (Auteur) The use of terrestrial laser scanners is becoming increasingly popular. For the acquisition of larger scenes, it is usually necessary to align all scans to a common reference frame. While there are methods using direct measurement of the orientation, due to simplicity and costs, mostly artificial targets are used. This works reliably, but usually adds a substantial amount of time to the acquisition process. Methods to align scans using the scan data itself have been known for a long time, however, being iterative, they need good initial values. In this paper, we investigate two different methods targeted at the determination of suitable initial values. The first one is based on a symbolic approach, using corresponding features to compute the orientation. The second one is based on an iterative alignment scheme originally proposed in the robotics domain. To assess the performance of both methods, a set of 20 scans has been acquired systematically along a trajectory in a downtown area. Reference orientations were obtained by a standard procedure using artificial targets. We present the results of both methods regarding convergence and accuracy, and compare their performance. Copyright ISPRS Numéro de notice : A2008-038 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2007.05.002 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2007.05.002 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=29033
in ISPRS Journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing > vol 63 n° 1 (January - February 2008) . - pp 4 - 18[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 081-08011 SL Revue Centre de documentation Revues en salle Disponible Investigations of high precision terrestrial laser scanning with emphasis on the development of a robust close-range 3D-laser scanning system / Hans Martin Zogg (2008)
Titre : Investigations of high precision terrestrial laser scanning with emphasis on the development of a robust close-range 3D-laser scanning system Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Hans Martin Zogg, Auteur Editeur : Zurich : Institut für Geodäsie und Photogrammetrie IGP - ETH Année de publication : 2008 Collection : IGP Mitteilungen, ISSN 0252-9335 num. 098 Importance : 171 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-3-906467-78-8 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Acquisition d'image(s) et de donnée(s)
[Termes IGN] acquisition d'images
[Termes IGN] données localisées 3D
[Termes IGN] étalonnage d'instrument
[Termes IGN] lever souterrain
[Termes IGN] modélisation géométrique de prise de vue
[Termes IGN] précision géométrique (imagerie)
[Termes IGN] semis de points
[Termes IGN] télémètre laser terrestre
[Termes IGN] télémétrie laser terrestreIndex. décimale : 35.11 Géométrie et qualité des prises de vues Résumé : (Auteur) In recent years, numerous measurement systems and techniques have become available on the market for three-dimensional (3D) surveying of objects. Largely due to the increasing need of 3D-data, fast area-wide 3D-measurement methods are in high demand. In the world of surveying and the field of engineering geodesy, terrestrial laser scanning has been established as a newer measurement method for fast, area-wide SD-surveying. Terrestrial laser scanners measure distances and angles to objects without any contact. The actual geometry information of the scanned object has to be derived from a resulting 3D-point cloud in post-processing.
After the initial hype of terrestrial laser scanning, a slight disillusionment set in. Projects were not profitable or failed due to insufficient knowledge about laser scanning technology and its specifics. In addition, the hardware and software products available on the market often do not meet the requirements of specific applications. Thus, the selection of convenient applications for a particular terrestrial laser scanning system, the sensitivity in terms of environmental conditions, or the extensive post-processing of laser scanning data are just a few of the difficulties in using laser scanning technology. As a result, terrestrial laser scanning is rarely used for projects in engineering geodesy. Even though terrestrial laser scanning offers great potential, new fields of application have yet to be investigated.
This thesis originated from a project addressing the development of a qualified measurement system based on terrestrial laser scanning for the surveying of underground utility caverns in the field of water and sewage engineering. There was no convenient measurement system available on the market when the project started in 2005. There are three main objectives of this thesis: the development of a cost-efficient robust close-range 3D-laser scanning system largely for surveying underground utility caverns, the calibrations and investigations of terrestrial laser scanners with focus on the newly developed measurement system, and the development of new fields of application for terrestrial laser scanning. Moreover, this thesis contributes to the area of terrestrial laser scanning by offering better knowledge on its integration into engineering geodesy.
For the hardware development, the 2D-laser scanner SICK LMS200-30106 by Sick AG was selected and implemented as a distance measurement unit measuring distances and angles. This unit is well known and established in industrial applications and in the field of robotics. In addition, all components that were used for the close-range 3D-laser scanning system were selected according to predefined requirements. These requirements were strongly related to the application of the measurement of underground utility caverns. Furthermore, this thesis shows that an appropriate calibration of the close-range 3D-laser scanning system - the distance measurement unit specifically - allows its application in the field of engineering geodesy. Thus, appropriate calibration routines were developed, and intensive additional investigations of the measurement systems enabled the verification of the measurement accuracy and performance.
The close-range terrestrial 3D-laser scanner ZLS07 resulted from the development of a 3D-measurement system based on the terrestrial laser scanning technology. The ZLS07 is a robust and reliable measurement system that fulfils the requirements focused on surveying of underground utility caverns. Its specific limitations lie in the measurement range, accuracy, and angular resolution. However, the ZLS07 has been successfully established as a new measurement instrument at the surveying department of the city of Zurich. In addition to the hardware developments, an approach for automatic geometry modelling from 3D-point clouds was developed, tested, and discussed for post-processing 3D-point clouds of underground utility caverns. Furthermore, the ZLS07 was successfully used in other applications, such as the damage detection of an incinerator or the reverse engineering of technical constructions.Note de contenu : 1 Introduction
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Aims of the Thesis.
1.3 Outline
2 High Precision Terrestrial Laser Scanning
2.1 Terrestrial Laser Scanning in Engineering Geodesy
2.2 Specifications of Terrestrial Laser Scanners
2.3 The Measurement System "Terrestrial Laser Scanner"
2.4 Applications of Terrestrial Laser Scanning.
2.5 Remarks.
3 Development of Terrestrial Laser Scanner ZLS07
3.1 Requirements
3.2 Components of the ZLS07
3.3 Configuration of Terrestrial Laser Scanner ZLS07
3.4 Measurement Coordinate Systems
3.5 Software
3.6 Result of a Scan
3.7 Discussion
4 Calibration of Terrestrial Laser Scanner ZLSO 7
4.1 Calibration of Geodetic Sensors
4.2 Distance Measurement Unit
4.3 Errors of Axes
4.4 Synchronisation of Rotation Table and Distance Measurement Unit
4.5 Review
5 Validation of Terrestrial Laser Scanner ZLS07
5.1 Angle Measurement System
5.2 Wobbling of Vertical Axis
5.3 3D-Measurement Quality
5.4 Review
6 Acquisition of Underground Utility Caverns
6.1 Overview
6.2 ZLS07 for Acquisition of Underground Utility Caverns
6.3 Data Post-Processing Workflow
6.4 Review
7 Automatic Geometry Modelling
7.1 Data Modelling Requirements
7.2 Previous Work
7.3 Development of an Approach for Automatic Cavern Detection
7.4 Results
7.5 Review
8 Various Applications for Terrestrial Laser Scanner ZLS07
8.1 Damage Detection of an Incinerator
8.2 Reverse Engineering at the Overflow Construction of Nalps Dam (CH).
8.3 Review
9 Summary
9.1 Conclusions
9.2 Outlook
References
A Appendix
A. 1 Rotation Table ETH Zurich.
A.2 Software
A.3 Fourier-SeriesNuméro de notice : 15459 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Thèse étrangère DOI : 10.3929/ethz-a-005679006 En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005679006 Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=62725 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 15459-01 35.11 Livre Centre de documentation En réserve M-103 Disponible vol 63 n° 1 - January - February 2008 - Terrestrial laser scanning (Bulletin de ISPRS Journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing) / Derek D. LichtiPermalinkImportant considerations for cranofacial mapping using laser scanners / Z. Majid in Photogrammetric record, vol 22 n° 120 (December 2007 - February 2008)PermalinkCorrection of laser scanning intensity data: data and model-driven approaches / Bernhard Höfle in ISPRS Journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing, vol 62 n° 6 (November-December 2007)PermalinkCamera laser scanner / Luigi Colombo in GIM international, vol 21 n° 8 (August 2007)PermalinkLaser Scanning for change detection: safe and convenient use at ground level / G. Hunter in Geoinformatics, vol 10 n° 4 (01/06/2007)PermalinkTopographie : un demi-siècle d'évolution technologique : (2/4) les théodolites électroniques ou stations totales, autres instruments de mesure ou de lever / Paul Courbon in XYZ, n° 111 (juin - août 2007)PermalinkData fusion of high-resolution satellite imagery and Lidar data for automatic building extraction / Gunho Sohn in ISPRS Journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing, vol 62 n° 1 (May 2007)PermalinkLaser-scanning and heritage / H. Ruther in GIM international, vol 21 n° 5 (May 2007)PermalinkL'homme de la juste gestion de la mesure / M. Mayo in Géomètre, n° 2034 (février 2007)PermalinkEngineering surveying / Wilf Schofield (2007)Permalink