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Effects of thinning practice, high pruning and slash management on crop tree and stand growth in young even-aged stands of planted silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) / Jens Peter Skovsgaard in Forests, vol 12 n° 2 (February 2021)
[article]
Titre : Effects of thinning practice, high pruning and slash management on crop tree and stand growth in young even-aged stands of planted silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Jens Peter Skovsgaard, Auteur ; Ulf Johansson, Auteur ; Emma Hölmstrom, Auteur ; Rebecka McCarthy Tune, Auteur ; Clémentine Ols , Auteur ; Giulia Attocchi, Auteur Année de publication : 2021 Projets : ARBRE / AgroParisTech (2007 -), LUE / Université de Lorraine Article en page(s) : n° 225 Note générale : bibliographie
This work was supported by the Swedish forest-owner association Södra and the Swedish national research program Future Forests. C. Ols was funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR-11-LABX-0002-01 and ANR-15-IDEX-04-LUE) during her review and editing of the paper.Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] Betula pendula
[Termes IGN] Canada
[Termes IGN] croissance des arbres
[Termes IGN] éclaircie (sylviculture)
[Termes IGN] élagage (sylviculture)
[Termes IGN] étude d'impact
[Termes IGN] forêt équienne
[Termes IGN] Suède
[Termes IGN] volume en bois
[Vedettes matières IGN] SylvicultureRésumé : (auteur) The objective was to quantify the influence of thinning, high pruning and slash management on crop tree and stand growth in young even-aged stands of planted silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). This study was based on two field experiments, aged six and eleven years at initiation and re-measured after six and eight years, respectively. Treatments included the unthinned control, moderate thinning mainly from below (removing 28–33% of standing volume), point thinning to favor 300 trees per ha and with no thinning elsewhere in the plot (removing 16–25%), and heavy thinning leaving 600 evenly distributed potential future crop trees per ha (removing 64–75%). Slash management (extraction or retention) was applied to heavily thinned plots. High pruning removing 30–70% of the green crown was carried out in some plots with point or heavy thinning on 300 or 600 trees per ha, respectively. Stand volume growth increased with increasing pre-treatment mean annual volume increment and decreased with increasing thinning intensity as compared to the unthinned control. LS-means estimates indicated a reduction for moderate thinning by 14%, for point thinning by 12% and for heavy thinning (combined with pruning) by 62%. However, in the youngest experiment, heavy thinning (without pruning) reduced growth by 54%. Combining these results with results from a similar experiment in Canada, the reduction in stand volume growth (RedIv%) depending on thinning removal (RemV%), both expressed as a percentage of the unthinned control, was quantified as RedIv% = −23.67 + 1.16·RemV% (calibration range: 30–83%). For heavy thinning (large quantities of slash), slash extraction resulted in no reduction in stand volume growth as compared to slash retention. The instantaneous numeric reduction in the average stem diameter of the 300 thickest trees per ha (D300) due to thinning was 3.5, 15–21% and 955–11% with moderate, point and heavy thinning, respectively. The subsequent average annual increase in D300 during the observation period was 8.5%, 25 and 18%, respectively. In the youngest experiment, pruning in unthinned plots led to a reduction in the annual increase of D300 by 14%, and heavy thinning in unpruned plots led to an increase by 30%. The growth of pre-selected potential future crop trees increased with increasing thinning intensity. In heavily thinned plots, pruning reduced growth increasingly with increasing pruning severity; LS-means estimates indicated 21% larger growth on stem diameter for unpruned trees and 3% for pruned trees. As an adverse side effect, heavily thinned plots with only 600 trees per ha were at increased risk of windthrow for some years after the thinning intervention. In the oldest experiment, 95–21% of the trees in these plots were damaged by wind. Numéro de notice : A2021-171 Affiliation des auteurs : LIF+Ext (2020- ) Thématique : FORET Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.3390/f12020225 Date de publication en ligne : 16/02/2021 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.3390/f12020225 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=97132
in Forests > vol 12 n° 2 (February 2021) . - n° 225[article]Interactions between oak and cervids during the process of forest regeneration / Julien Barrere (2021)
Titre : Interactions between oak and cervids during the process of forest regeneration : the case study of plain temperate oak stands (Quercus robur et Q. petraea) Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Julien Barrere, Auteur ; Sonia Saïd, Directeur de thèse ; Catherine Collet, Directeur de thèse Editeur : Nancy, Metz : Université de Lorraine Année de publication : 2021 Importance : 315 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Note générale : Bibliographie
Thèse pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de L'Université d'Orléans, Spécialité Biologie et écologie des forêts et des agrosystèmesLangues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] analyse spatio-temporelle
[Termes IGN] canopée
[Termes IGN] Cervidae
[Termes IGN] données spatiotemporelles
[Termes IGN] écosystème forestier
[Termes IGN] faune locale
[Termes IGN] forêt tempérée
[Termes IGN] inventaire forestier local
[Termes IGN] migration animale
[Termes IGN] peuplement forestier
[Termes IGN] Quercus pedunculata
[Termes IGN] Quercus sessiliflora
[Termes IGN] régénération (sylviculture)
[Termes IGN] Suède
[Termes IGN] Vosges, massif des
[Vedettes matières IGN] ForesterieIndex. décimale : THESE Thèses et HDR Résumé : (Auteur) Les cervidés ont vu leur abondance et leur distribution spatiale augmenter fortement depuis les dernières décennies, en France, et plus généralement à l’échelle de l’hémisphère Nord. Si ces espèces jouent un rôle clé dans le fonctionnement des écosystèmes forestiers, le niveau actuel des populations compromet le processus de régénération forestière de certaines essences cruciales pour la filière sylvicole telles que les chênes sessile et pédonculé (Quercus robur et Q. petraea). L’objectif de cette thèse est de quantifier et décrire les mécanismes sous-jacent de la contrainte exercée par les cervidés sur la régénération et d’identifier dans quelle mesure certaines opérations sylvicoles (coupe, dégagement et pose d’enclos) influencent cette contrainte. L’analyse de la composition de panses de cerf et de chevreuil sur le site de La Petite Pierre (Vosges) a permis de montrer que les glands de chêne représentaient une ressource significative dans le régime alimentaire de ces deux espèces, mais que leur consommation de gland saturait les années de forte fructification. Par des approches expérimentales, nous avons mis en évidence que l’abroutissement de la pousse apicale réduisait toujours la croissance en hauteur des semis que ce soit en condition de terrain, ou en pépinière, et que ce phénomène s’expliquait par une faible plasticité d’allocation des ressources pour compenser la perte de tissu. L’analyse d’un résultat d’un réseau d’enclos-exclos répartis sur plusieurs sites en France et en Suède a permis de montrer que la coupe d’arbre adulte pour augmenter l’ouverture de la canopée accentuait l’effet négatif des cervidés sur la croissance et la survie de jeunes semis de chêne, via une plus forte fréquentation des cervidés dans les patches de régénération ouverts. Enfin, suite à l’implémentant du processus d’herbivorie dans un modèle de dynamique forestière (bibliothèque Régénération de CAPSIS), j’ai effectué des simulations suggérant que sous une forte pression d’herbivorie, des opérations de dégagement moins fréquentes et maintenant des espèces accompagnatrices appétentes comme le charme permettrait de réduire l’influence négative des cervidés sur la croissance du chêne. En conclusion, les résultats de cette thèse étayent l’hypothèse que les cervidés représentent une contrainte significative pour le processus de régénération du chêne, mais suggère qu’une gestion de la végétation de sous-bois adaptée permettrait de réduire cette contrainte et de se rapprocher d’un équilibre plus durable entre faune sauvage et activités sylvicoles. Note de contenu :
CHAPTER 1 - Introduction
1.1 The anthropic origin of an imbalance between forest trees and wildlife
1.2 Managing the balance between forests and large herbivores
1.3 Presentation of the studied species and their specificity
1.4 On the drivers and constraints of oak regeneration
1.5 Interactions between oak and cervids throughout the regeneration process, and remaining knowledge gaps
1.6 Objective of the thesis and structure of the manuscript
CHAPTER 2 - Scientific Approaches
2.1 Observational data for the study of spatial and temporal patterns
2.2 Experimental approaches to studying forest-deer interactions
2.3 An in silico approach to synthesize multiple data sources
2.4 Conclusion
CHAPTER 3 - How does oak mast seeding affect the feeding behaviour of sympatric red and roe deer ?
3.1 Abstract
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Materials and methods
3.4 Results
3.5 Discussion
3.6 Conclusion
3.7 Acknowledgments
3.8 Appendices
CHAPTER 4 - Do trait responses to simulated browsing in Quercus robur saplings affect their attractiveness to Capreolus capreolus the following year?
4.1 Abstract
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Material and methods
4.4 Results
4.5 Discussion
4.6 Conclusions
4.7 Funding
4.8 Authorship
4.9 Acknowledgments
4.10 Appendices
CHAPTER 5 - Oak responses to browsing in field conditions
5.1 Context and objective
5.2 Overview of the methodology
5.3 Results
5.4 Conclusion
CHAPTER 6 - Canopy openness and exclusion of wild ungulates act synergistically to improve oak natural regeneration
6.1 Abstract
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Material and methods
6.4 Results
6.5 Discussion
6.6 Conclusion
6.7 Acknowledgments
6.8 Appendices
CHAPTER 7 - The influence of deer browsing on oak regeneration is conditioned by the shrub layer - insights from a modeling approach
7.1 Preamble
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Including deer browsing in the CAPSIS regeneration library
7.4 A first set of simulations
7.5 Perspectives and conclusion
CHAPTER 8 - Discussion and perspectives
8.1 Overview of the results
8.2 Perspectives
8.3 General conclusion
CHAPTER 9 - Résumé de la thèse en Français
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Influence du masting du chêne sur le comportement alimentaire du cerf et du chevreuil
9.3 Réponse des jeunes chênes à l’abroutissement, et conséquence pour l’attractivité du plant
9.4 Influence croisée de l’ouverture de la canopée et de l’exclusion des ongulés sauvages sur la régénération du chêne
9.5 L’influence de l’abroutissement sur la régénération du chêne est conditionné par la végétation accompagnatrice
9.6 Synthèse et perspectivesNuméro de notice : 26952 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : BIODIVERSITE/FORET Nature : Thèse française Note de thèse : Thèse de Doctorat : Biologie et écologie des forêts et des agrosystèmes : Lorraine : 2021 Organisme de stage : Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement INRAE DOI : sans Date de publication en ligne : 11/01/2023 En ligne : https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/tel-03702537v1/document Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=102436 Range-wide demographic patterns in European forests along climatic marginality gradients : An approach using national forest inventories / Alexandre Changenet (2021)
Titre : Range-wide demographic patterns in European forests along climatic marginality gradients : An approach using national forest inventories Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Alexandre Changenet, Auteur ; Marta Benito-Garzon, Directeur de thèse ; Annabel J. Porté, Directeur de thèse Editeur : Bordeaux : Université de Bordeaux Année de publication : 2021 Importance : 305 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Note générale : bibliographie
Thèse présentée pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l'Université de Bordeaux, Ecologie évolutive, fonctionnelle et des communautésLangues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] Allemagne
[Termes IGN] changement climatique
[Termes IGN] écologie forestière
[Termes IGN] écosystème forestier
[Termes IGN] Espagne
[Termes IGN] espèce exotique envahissante
[Termes IGN] Finlande
[Termes IGN] gradient de marginalité climatique
[Termes IGN] inventaire forestier étranger (données)
[Termes IGN] inventaire forestier national (données France)
[Termes IGN] mortalité
[Termes IGN] Quercus rubra
[Termes IGN] répartition géographique
[Termes IGN] Robinia pseudoacacia
[Termes IGN] sécheresse
[Termes IGN] Suède
[Termes IGN] Wallonie (Belgique)
[Vedettes matières IGN] Inventaire forestierIndex. décimale : THESE Thèses et HDR Résumé : (auteur) Modern climate change is reshaping species distributions, particularly on slow shifting organisms such as trees. Forests composition is therefore expected to change in the coming decades, which will alter ecosystem functions and biodiversity, with negative ecological and societal consequences for the planet.Tree distribution depends on several demographic traits such as recruitment, growth and mortality that interact across large climatic gradients. Yet, mortality is rising in all forested biomes in the world. In Europe for instance, forest mortality increases towards the climatic trailing edge of the species ranges as a response to drought. These high mortality rates are usually related to a lack of recruitment, which may induce vegetation shifts, but also opening new opportunities for the establishment of exotic invasive species. As demographic trait responses to climate vary across and within species, understanding trait interactions along large climatic gradients is crucial to better predict the impact of climate change on forest productivity, composition and range-shift dynamics.In this work I analyzed tree mortality and recruitment patterns of twenty of the most common native species and two exotic species in European forests and their triggered drivers. To this aim, I used data of 2 million trees from 153 892 plots measured in the National Forest Inventories from France, Spain, Germany, Belgium (Wallonia), Sweden and Finland.In the first chapter, I analyzed tree mortality and showed that the highest mortality occurrence happens in the climatic trailing edge, driven by drought, whereas the intensity of mortality is triggered by competition, drought and high temperatures and was uniformly scattered across species ranges. In addition, the occurrence of mortality was the highest in the trailing edge of temperate species and the lowest in the leading edge for half of the Mediterranean species.In the second chapter I analyzed tree recruitment, showing that for most species, there are no differences in recruitment across species ranges. Recruitment was strongly limited by competition and often depended on age, or growth rate of the plot. Surprisingly, the role of drought in tree recruitment only was evident in interaction with tree competition.In the third chapter, I assessed the invasiveness of two exotic invasive species, Quercus rubra and Robinia pseudoacacia. My results showed that both species are able to recruit new individuals under all other species canopies, to become dominant at the expanse of many trees species and suggested that they are both expanding their ranges northwards and southwards, in part because they are relatively less sensitive to drought than the other species.All together, my results highlight that trees sensitivity to current climate change is trait-dependent and differs across species ranges. The southern part of the species ranges can be shaped by drought-induced mortality, while recruitment is much less affected by drought. This different sensitivity to climate of tree mortality and recruitment suggests that recruitment could counteract the negative effects of climate change to a certain extent and that forests might be more resilient than what was previously thought. Yet, the exotic species expansion is less affected by the surrounding environment than Mediterranean and temperate species and could benefit from climate warming. Hence, the potential help of recruitment for in-situ species range persistence, and the management strategies which could help forests to mitigate future climate change remains to be explored. Note de contenu : 1- Introduction
2- Methods
3- Occurence but not intensity of mortality rises towards the climatic trailing edge of tree species ranges in European forests
4- Recruitment in European forests is more limited by competition than drought
5- Increase of invasiveness of Quercus rubra and Robinia pseudoacacia in European forests: an approach using National Forest Inventories
6- General discussion and conclusionNuméro de notice : 28483 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET Nature : Thèse française Note de thèse : Thèse de Doctorat : Ecologie évolutive, fonctionnelle et des communautés : Bordeaux : 2021 Organisme de stage : Laboratoire Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés DOI : sans En ligne : https://hal.science/tel-03462635/ Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=99187 Stakeholder perceptions, management and impacts of forestry conflicts in southern Sweden / Rikard Jakobsson in Scandinavian journal of forest research, vol 36 n° 1 (January 2021)
[article]
Titre : Stakeholder perceptions, management and impacts of forestry conflicts in southern Sweden Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Rikard Jakobsson, Auteur ; Erika Olofssona, Auteur ; Bianca Ambrose-Ojib, Auteur Année de publication : 2021 Article en page(s) : pp 68 - 82 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] acteur
[Termes IGN] acteurs de la filière bois-forêt
[Termes IGN] conflit d'usage
[Termes IGN] partenariat
[Termes IGN] protection des forêts
[Termes IGN] Suède
[Vedettes matières IGN] ForesterieRésumé : (auteur) Forests are under increasing pressure with increasing risk of conflicts between stakeholder groups with different interests in sustainable forest management (SFM). This study investigated the different dimensions of conflict as perceived by private forest owners and other stakeholders, and the likely impact of these pressures on SFM in a southern Swedish context. Data were collected through a mixed methods approach using qualitative in-depth individual semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and a quantitative survey (n = 6–161), with questions on present and past conflicts, actors, drivers, acting, management and solutions. Stakeholders felt that in the past the conflicts were more about technical dimensions of forestry practice, and today more about the political and cultural dimensions of forestry issues. The most frequently mentioned reason for forest conflict was forest protection, especially woodland key habitats. In all conflicts, forest owners emphasised the importance of knowledge, responsibility and emotions. Other stakeholders did too, but with emotions less emphasised. In managing conflict, meetings, adaptation and education were stressed by stakeholders. Dialogue arenas on different levels are needed for all stakeholders. Governing bodies also need to realise the implication different approaches and strategies have on forest owners management. Numéro de notice : A2021-609 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET Nature : Article DOI : 10.1080/02827581.2020.1854341 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1854341 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=98327
in Scandinavian journal of forest research > vol 36 n° 1 (January 2021) . - pp 68 - 82[article]The Impact of ash dieback on veteran trees in Southwestern Sweden / Vikki Bengtsson in Baltic forestry, vol 27 n° 1 ([01/01/2021])
[article]
Titre : The Impact of ash dieback on veteran trees in Southwestern Sweden Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Vikki Bengtsson, Auteur ; Anna Stenström, Auteur ; C. Philip Wheater, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2021 Article en page(s) : pp 2 - 9 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] Chalara fraxinea
[Termes IGN] coupe (sylviculture)
[Termes IGN] dépérissement
[Termes IGN] Fraxinus excelsior
[Termes IGN] maladie phytosanitaire
[Termes IGN] mortalité
[Termes IGN] ombre
[Termes IGN] Suède
[Vedettes matières IGN] SylvicultureRésumé : (auteur) Ash dieback (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) is a fungal disease which affects ash throughout Sweden. Monitoring to study of the impact of ash dieback on veteran trees was undertaken in southwest Sweden in 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2020. The study found that 94.5% of the ash trees observed were affected by ash dieback disease in 2020 compared with 62% in 2009. 70 of the studied ash trees have died (21%) since the monitoring began. In 2009 there was no relationship between girth and ash dieback, but in 2020 the correlation between girth and the impact of ash dieback was statistically significant. In 2020, also for the first time during monitoring, the ash trees in the shade were significantly more affected by ash dieback, compared with trees standing in the open. This difference was not detected in 2013 or 2015. The effect of ash dieback on pollarded trees has varied between the years studied, but in 2020 there is no longer any significant difference between the pollarded and the non-pollarded
ash trees. There was however a significant difference in the mortality rates between the groups of trees, with ash trees pollarded in more recent times having the highest mortality. Therefore, the recommendation in relation to veteran trees with ash dieback is that all pruning on veteran ash trees should be avoided. Pollarding should only be done on ash pollards that are in a regular cutting cycle and are not showing any symptoms of ash dieback. If possible, clear around old ash trees if they are in shaded conditions. Given that there are relatively few studies on the impact of ash dieback on veteran ash trees, the results of this study should also be relevant outside of Sweden and for the management of ash trees in non-woodland situations.Numéro de notice : A2021-824 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET Nature : Article DOI : 10.46490/BF558 Date de publication en ligne : 02/06/2021 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.46490/BF558 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=98942
in Baltic forestry > vol 27 n° 1 [01/01/2021] . - pp 2 - 9[article]Stand-level mortality models for Nordic boreal forests / Jouni Siipilehto in Silva fennica, vol 54 n° 5 (December 2020)PermalinkVisualization of 3D property data and assessment of the impact of rendering attributes / Stefan Seipel in Journal of Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis, vol 4 n° 2 (December 2020)PermalinkAmbiguous use of geographical information systems for the rectification of large-scale geometric maps / Anders Wästfelt in Cartographic journal (the), Vol 57 n° 3 (August 2020)PermalinkMapping aboveground biomass and its prediction uncertainty using LiDAR and field data, accounting for tree-level allometric and LiDAR model errors / Svetlana Saarela in Forest ecosystems, vol 7 (2020)PermalinkModel-based investigation on the effects of spatial evenness, and size selection in thinning of Picea abies stands / Peter Fransson in Scandinavian journal of forest research, vol 34 n° 3 (May 2019)PermalinkAttitudes towards biodiversity conservation and carbon substitution in forestry: a study of stakeholders in Sweden / Louise Eriksson in Forestry, an international journal of forest research, vol 92 n° 2 (April 2019)PermalinkThinning around old oaks in spruce production forests: current practices show no positive effect on oak growth rates and need fine tuning / Igor Drobyshev in Scandinavian journal of forest research, vol 34 n° 2 (March 2019)PermalinkOptimisation of GNSS networks, considering baseline correlations / M. Amin Alizadeh-Khameneh in Survey review, vol 51 n° 364 (January 2019)PermalinkLa propriété en 3D : état des lieux / Anonyme in Géomatique expert, n° 123 (juillet - août 2018)PermalinkPost-1980 shifts in the sensitivity of boreal tree growth to North Atlantic Ocean dynamics and seasonal climate / Clémentine Ols in Global and Planetary Change, vol 165 (June 2018)PermalinkOptimization of deformation monitoring networks using finite element strain analysis / M. Amin Alizadeh-Khameneh in Journal of applied geodesy, vol 12 n° 2 (April 2018)PermalinkTerrestrial laser scanning reveals differences in crown structure of Fagus sylvatica in mixed vs. pure European forests / Ignacio Barbeito in Forest ecology and management, vol 405 (1 December 2017)PermalinkThe influence of spatial scales on Red List composition: Forest species in Fennoscandia / Lise Tingstad in Global ecology and conservation, vol 11 (July 2017)PermalinkMapping forest attributes using data from stereophotogrammetry of aerial images and field data from the national forest inventory / Jonas Bohlin in Silva fennica, vol 51 n° 2 (2017)PermalinkMapping forest attributes using data from stereophotogrammetry of aerial images and field data from the national forest inventory / Jonas Bohlin in Silva fennica, vol 51 n° 2 (2017)PermalinkDead wood availability in managed Swedish forests – Policy outcomes and implications for biodiversity / Bengt Gunnar Jonsson in Forest ecology and management, vol 376 (15 September 2016)PermalinkExtreme events and climate change: the post-disaster dynamics of forest fires and forest storms in Sweden / Rolf Lidskog in Scandinavian journal of forest research, vol 31 n° 2 (March 2016)PermalinkEstimation of forest biomass from two-level model inversion of single-pass InSAR data / M.J. Soja in IEEE Transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, vol 53 n° 9 (September 2015)PermalinkMatching authority and VGI road networks using an extended node-based matching algorithm / Ehsan Abdolmajidi in Geo-spatial Information Science, vol 18 n° 2 (August 2015)PermalinkDetermination of the local tie vector between the VLBI and GNSS reference points at Onsala using GPS measurements / Tong Ning in Journal of geodesy, vol 89 n° 7 (July 2015)Permalink