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Semantic interoperability of distributed geo-services / Robert Lemmens (2006)
Titre : Semantic interoperability of distributed geo-services Type de document : Monographie Auteurs : Robert Lemmens, Auteur Editeur : Delft : Netherlands Geodetic Commission NGC Année de publication : 2006 Collection : Netherlands Geodetic Commission Publications on Geodesy, ISSN 0165-1706 num. 63 Importance : 291 p. Format : 17 x 24 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-90-6132-298-6 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Infrastructure de données
[Termes IGN] architecture client-serveur
[Termes IGN] base de connaissances
[Termes IGN] diffusion de données
[Termes IGN] hétérogénéité sémantique
[Termes IGN] infrastructure mondiale des données localisées
[Termes IGN] intégration de données
[Termes IGN] interopérabilité sémantique
[Termes IGN] logiciel libre
[Termes IGN] modèle sémantique de données
[Termes IGN] ontologie
[Termes IGN] OWL
[Termes IGN] prototype
[Termes IGN] réseau sémantique
[Termes IGN] service de géoinformation
[Termes IGN] service fondé sur la position
[Termes IGN] service web géographique
[Termes IGN] système d'information géographiqueRésumé : (Auteur) The last two decades have shown a major shift from stand-alone software systems to networked ones. As with all information system domains, Geographic Information Systems (GISs) have been influenced to a large extent by recent internet developments, resulting in an increasing availability of client/server applications using distributed geo-(web-)services, such as interactive maps, route planners and gazetteers. There is an increasing need for organisations to perform on demand geo-processing tasks by integrating and reusing geo-information and geo-services from within and outside the organisation. These activities are typically performed in the context of so called Geo-Information Infrastructures (GIls).
The process of integrating services is commonly referred to as service chaining. This requires that services can be easily found, and that they are executable and interoperable. Interoperability means that the services 'understand' each other's messages. A major impediment is formed by the semantic heterogeneity (the differences in meaning) of geo-information and of the functionality of geo-services. Making services semantically interoperable is an important prerequisite for information sharing in today's networked society. This involves services that rely on different knowledge domains, one of which is the geo-information domain.
Within this context, the research presented in this thesis provides solutions for the computer-aided integration of distributed heterogeneous geo-information and geo-services, based on their semantics (the meaning of their content).
Geo-information distinguishes from other information by its spatial relevance. Geo-services often have to deal integrally with multiple-representations of features in a spatial, temporal and thematic dimension. Geo-services are also implicitly connected by the geographic location of the features they process. This has implications for the interoperability of geo-services. For example, the validity of a service (e.g., a routeplanner) may be bound to a specific geographic area, which could imply it cannot be used in combination with services involving another validity area. On the contrary, services that seem to be incompatible due to differences in feature representation (e.g., geometry, coordinate reference system), may turn out to be useful in combination, because they contain information on the same locations.
On demand geo-processing requires services and the meta-information that describes the services to be available at the time a task is being executed. Moreover, the service descriptions should be based on commonly agreed rules for service characterisation. Inter-service contracts that contain such rules may result in service interoperability and this can be achieved at three levels: syntax, structure and semantics. The influential specifications of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and the ISO 19100 series of standards, implement formal contracts on the syntactical and structural level, but they prescribe only informal contracting at the semantic level. Despite their rigid conceptualisation, they lack a machine-accessible formalisation that supports the specification of semantics for geo-information and geo-services. This research has developed such a formalisation, which is specified in a so called semantic interoperability framework. In this framework a key role is played by machine ontologies, which are machine-accessible representations of knowledge that are used for inferring intra- and inter-resource relationships. Recent research efforts in the field of the Semantic Web have contributed considerably to the deployment of ontology-based applications by providing a theoretical foundation (Description Logics), ontology languages (e.g., the Web Ontology Language (OWL)), and tools for ontology creation, access and reasoning with web-based (machine) ontologies. The power of web-based ontologies lies in their interoperable (XML based) representation, the use of unique namespaces and the fact that they allow for automated reasoning.
The semantic interoperability framework developed in this research, contains (1) geo-information modelling ontologies which are based on the ISO General Feature Model, (2) domain specific ontologies (amongst others, one which is based on a data model used by the Dutch Topographic Service), and (3) a geo-operation modelling ontology. The latter is based on a geo-operation taxonomy, an input/output parameter characterisation and a workflow model. The taxonomy and parameter characterisation have been developed as part of this research, the workflow model is based on OWL-S, an OWL-based upper ontology for web services.
Ontology-based service descriptions have been created in the context of four use cases in the following areas: (1) information model integration for risk mapping, (2) ad hoc data integration in a disaster emergency situation, (3) reuse of geo-data and geo-services in scientific research, and (4) ad hoc integration of travel services. The ontology-based descriptions are used as representations of service requests and advertisements in a matchmaking process. The matchmaking is performed by an ontology reasoner which can infer implicit relationships that exist in a knowledge base containing service descriptions as sets of concepts. The reasoner is implemented together with the ontologies in a prototype environment. Except for the reasoner, this has been carried out with open source software. Within this environment, basic matchmaking has been successfully performed to support data set integration and service chaining. This has been demonstrated by tests implementing the aforementioned use cases.
The offered solution is flexible and extensible. With respect to flexibility, the research demonstrates the use of incomplete service descriptions. With respect to extensibility, the research shows how service descriptions can be extended with new concepts. It is also demonstrated how existing application domains can be linked through ontology mappings. In the process of service chaining, four steps have been identified, i.e., discovery, abstract composition, concrete composition and execution. The link between the abstract and concrete composition of services is realised by annotation, which connects ontology elements with parameters of executable code. For one of the use cases, this code has been deployed in a prototype software application (the latter being part of an external research effort).
There are also limitations to the approach followed, which are partly due to the limitations of OWL and reasoning with it, i.e., with respect to spatial reasoning and the use of metaclasses. In addition, the current prototype environment has several shortcomings: (1) constraints of the user-interfaces (entering service descriptions in Description Logics is still rather complex), (2) the inflexibility of the reasoning implementation and (3) the incompleteness of mappings between domain ontologies, all of which are thought to be surmountable.
A number of recommendations are made for the improvement of the current design and implementation of the interoperability framework, such as the incorporation of: meta-information propagation, concept similarity quantifiers and result ranking in the matchmaking process. The deployment of the approach requires key organisations such as OGC to develop and maintain domain independent parts of a semantic interoperability framework and organisations with a GIl mandate to manage its domain dependent parts.
Application fields that are thought to benefit from the presented approach in the short term are, amongst others: service discovery and chaining in GII, harmonisation of geo-information models, multiple-representation of geo-information, profile matching of geo-service users, documentation of geo-processing history (lineage), and quality assessment of meta-information. The target groups of this research are firstly geo-information engineers who are confronted with information integration issues and service interoperability issues, and secondly, information engineers in general confronted with distributed information and with end users that need to access distributed services as one virtual application.Note de contenu : Abstract
Samenvatting
Acknowledgements
1 Why interoperability is important
1.1 Research context and motivation
1.2 Research objectives
1.3 Research approach
1.4 Related work
1.5 Thesis outline
2 Interoperable distributed services
2.1 Distributed processing paradigms
2.2 Interoperability and heterogeneity
2.3 Overcoming heterogeneity by contract
2.4 Interoperability models
2.5 Geo-services
2.6 Geo-service use cases
2.7 Summary and reflection
3 Service models for discovery, composition and execution
3.1 Information modelling
3.2 Process modelling
3.3 Service chaining
3.4 Summary and reflection
4 Semantic modelling
4.1 What is an ontology?
4.2 Foundations for machine ontology
4.3 Ontology design and creation
4.4 Ontology representations and notation
4.5 Reasoning with a knowledge base
4.6 Semantic interoperability frameworks
4.7 Semantic web services
4.8 Geo-semantic modelling and spatial relevance
4.9 Summary and reflection
5 Semantic interoperability framework for geo-services
5.1 Semantic framework overview
5.2 Feature symbol ontology
5.3 Feature concept ontologies
5.4 Geo-operation characterisations ? OPERA
5.5 OPERA-R ? Feature processing operations
5.6 Geo-service descriptions
5.7 Summary and reflection
6 Geo-information matching and service chaining
6.1 Example: Riskmap chain
6.2 Semantic modelling of geo-service chains
6.3 Derived operations and ontology mappings
6.4 Matchmaking
6.5 Summary and reflection
7 Use case implementations
7.1 Riskmap NL
7.2 Emergency 112
7.3 Research Net
7.4 Travel Google
7.5 Summary and reflection
8 Implementation of prototypes: OnToGeo and GeoMatchMaker
8.1 Practical design and implementation issues of OnToGeo
8.2 Workbench tools
8.3 GeoMatchMaker, an integrated prototype
8.4 Creating service descriptions
8.5 Summary and reflection
9 Conclusions and recommendations
9.1 Summary and reflection
9.2 Conclusions
9.3 Main contributions
9.4 Deployment
9.5 Recommendations for further work
A UML notation
B ISO 19100 overview
C OPERA-R geo-operation types
C.I Human interaction operations
C.2 Feature modelling
C.3 Feature access
C.4 Feature processing
C.5 Feature presentation manipulation
C.6 Service creation and management
C.7 Service execution
C.8 Metalnfo creation and storage management
C.9 Metalnfo processing
C.10 Metalnfo presentation manipulation
D OPERA-R
I/O parameters for feature processing operations
E ADL Gazetteer OWL service description
F ADL Gazetteer WSDL service description
G ISO 19119 mappingNuméro de notice : 15204 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Monographie Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=55094 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 15204-01 37.00 Livre Centre de documentation Géomatique Disponible 15204-02 37.00 Livre Centre de documentation Géomatique Disponible L'information géographique en Grande Bretagne / Françoise de Blomac in SIG la lettre, n° 72 (décembre 2005)
[article]
Titre : L'information géographique en Grande Bretagne Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Françoise de Blomac, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 2 - 5 Langues : Français (fre) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Infrastructure de données
[Termes IGN] accès aux données localisées
[Termes IGN] assurance
[Termes IGN] base de données
[Termes IGN] cartographie des risques
[Termes IGN] Component Object Model
[Termes IGN] données publiques
[Termes IGN] Google Earth
[Termes IGN] Grande-Bretagne
[Termes IGN] information géographique
[Termes IGN] logiciel libre
[Termes IGN] métadonnées
[Termes IGN] métadonnées géographiques
[Termes IGN] orthophotographie
[Termes IGN] planification urbaine
[Termes IGN] protection civile
[Termes IGN] risque majeur
[Termes IGN] risque naturel
[Termes IGN] risque technologique
[Termes IGN] zone urbaineRésumé : (Auteur) Comment se porte le marché de l'information géographique outre Manche ? Fort bien semble-t-il. C'est en tous cas l'impression que donnent les exposants de la dernière grande assemblée annuelle de l'association britannique pour l'information géographique (AGI). Même si le secteur semble dynamique, nombreux sont les problèmes communs aux deux côtés du "channel" : prix trop élevé des données, ambiguïté du statut de l'Institut Géographique National, manque de reconnaissance politique, pagaille autour de l'adresse... Numéro de notice : A2005-505 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : sans Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27641
in SIG la lettre > n° 72 (décembre 2005) . - pp 2 - 5[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 286-05101 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible Generalization services on the web: classification and an initial prototype implementation / Dirk Burghardt in Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005)
[article]
Titre : Generalization services on the web: classification and an initial prototype implementation Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Dirk Burghardt, Auteur ; Moritz Neun, Auteur ; Robert Weibel, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 257 - 268 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] cartographie par internet
[Termes IGN] généralisation à la volée
[Termes IGN] généralisation cartographique automatisée
[Termes IGN] implémentation (informatique)
[Termes IGN] Jump
[Termes IGN] service web géographique
[Termes IGN] Web Map Service
[Vedettes matières IGN] GénéralisationRésumé : (Auteur) Much progress has been made in the field of web-based cartography through standards developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). While automated access and presentation of cartographic data have been defined, the services for automated generalization are yet to be standardized. This paper aims to show advantages of applying the service concept to generalization and suggests several classification schemas of generalization services at different levels of granularity. A detailed explanation of a real implemented Generalization Service is provided. We show how software developers can make their generalization functionality available as a service and how these services can be accessed dynamically. For the implementation, the open source java Unified Mapping Platform (JUMP) was extended to work as a framework for generalization. Generalization services could be used in different application scenarios, for instance as a middleware component extending a web map service with adaptive zooming or as stand-alone services supporting the production of topographic maps by national mapping agencies. They may also allow the development of a common research platform, where researchers would have access to a common generalization framework. Numéro de notice : A2005-531 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1559/152304005775194665 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1559/152304005775194665 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27667
in Cartography and Geographic Information Science > vol 32 n° 4 (October 2005) . - pp 257 - 268[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 032-05041 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible GIS portals: interoperability set of information resources for a varied audience / M. Hogeweg in Geoinformatics, vol 8 n° 3 (01/05/2005)
[article]
Titre : GIS portals: interoperability set of information resources for a varied audience Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : M. Hogeweg, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 20 - 23 Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Géomatique web
[Termes IGN] diffusion de données
[Termes IGN] diffusion par internet
[Termes IGN] échange de données informatisé
[Termes IGN] géoportail
[Termes IGN] interopérabilité
[Termes IGN] système d'information géographique
[Termes IGN] utilisateurRésumé : (Auteur) In the november 2001 issue of geoinformatics I wrote about the increasing role of the internet in Geographic Information Systems as far as sharing of data is concerned. Now, some three-and-half years later, my professional focus is on the technology that plays a key role in sharing geospatial knowledge : GIS portals. This article presents my view on the state of GIS portals and the role they play in simulating interoperability. Numéro de notice : A2005-184 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : sans Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27321
in Geoinformatics > vol 8 n° 3 (01/05/2005) . - pp 20 - 23[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 262-05031 SL Revue Centre de documentation Revues en salle Disponible Colour-coded pixel-based highly interactive web mapping for georeferenced data exploration / H. Zhao in International journal of geographical information science IJGIS, vol 19 n° 4 (april 2005)
[article]
Titre : Colour-coded pixel-based highly interactive web mapping for georeferenced data exploration Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : H. Zhao, Auteur ; B. Shneiderman, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : pp 413 - 428 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Géomatique web
[Termes IGN] carte choroplèthe
[Termes IGN] carte interactive
[Termes IGN] cartographie par internet
[Termes IGN] couleur à l'écran
[Termes IGN] échange dynamique de données
[Termes IGN] exploration de données géographiques
[Termes IGN] pixel
[Termes IGN] système d'information géographique
[Termes IGN] utilisateur
[Termes IGN] visualisation cartographique
[Termes IGN] web mappingRésumé : (Auteur) This paper describes a pixel-based technique that enables highly interactive Web choropleth maps for georeferenced data publishing and visual exploration. Instead of delivering geographic knowledge to the client in polygon-based vector formats, we encode geographic object IDs and shape information into highly compact pixel images (decoding maps). This allows the combination of raster and vector characteristics while avoiding the problems in the currently existing pixel-based (raster-lmage -based) or vector-based techniques. Differing from traditional pixel-based techniques that are static and allow very little user interaction, our pixel-based technique allows varieties of sub-second (less than 1 s) interface controls such as dynamic query, dynamic classification, geographic object data identification, user-setting adjusting, as well as turning on/off layers, panning and zooming, with no or minimum server support. Compared with Web GIS techniques that use vector geographic data, our technique avoids transferring over the network large vector geographic data. It also avoids the non-trivial client-side computation to interpret the vector data and render the maps. Our technique features a short initial download time, near-constant performance scalability for larger numbers of geographic objects, and download-map-segment- only-when-necessary which potentially reduces the overall data transfer over the network. As a result, it accommodates general public users with slow modem network connections and low-end machines, as well as users with fast T-1 connections and fast machines. The client-side (browser) is implemented as lightweight Java applets. YMap, an easy-to-use, user-task-oriented highly interactive mapping tool for visual georeferenced data exploration is implemented using this technique. The performance comparison of YMap to some other vector-based Web GIS demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of this technique. Numéro de notice : A2005-097 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1080/1365881051233125120 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1080/1365881051233125120 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27235
in International journal of geographical information science IJGIS > vol 19 n° 4 (april 2005) . - pp 413 - 428[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 079-05041 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible 079-05042 RAB Revue Centre de documentation En réserve L003 Disponible Web-based GIS: integrating geo-data from multiple sources / W. Ploeg in GIM international, vol 19 n° 3 (March 2005)PermalinkArbeitsgruppe "Automation in der Kartographie", Tagung 2004 / Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie (2005)PermalinkConception et développement d'un portail sur les risques naturels en France à l'aide de la technologie cartoweb3 / Neil Guion (2005)PermalinkGeo-information standards in action, NCG-GIN farewell seminar Henri J.G.L. Aalders, Delft, 17 November 2004 / Peter J. M. Van Oosterom (2005)PermalinkMise en place d'un serveur cartographique sur le thème du risque tsunami / G. Barras (2005)PermalinkOracle / Aude Allain (2005)PermalinkSDIGER, Infrastructure transfrontalière et interadministrative de données spatiales pour l'accès aux données de la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau dans les bassins Adour-Garonne et Ebre : métadonnées et modèles de données, Tome 1. Mémoire / Marie-Lise Vautier (2005)PermalinkSDIGER, Infrastructure transfrontalière et interadministrative de données spatiales pour l'accès aux données de la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau dans les bassins Adour-Garonne et Ebre : métadonnées et modèles de données, Tome 2. Annexe 1 Métadonnées / Marie-Lise Vautier (2005)PermalinkSpatial portals / Winnie Tang (2005)PermalinkWeb mapping illustrated / T. Mitchell (2005)Permalink