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How large-scale bark beetle infestations influence the protective effects of forest stands against avalanches: A case study in the Swiss Alps / Marion E. Caduff in Forest ecology and management, vol 514 (15 June 2022)  

Public [article]  inForest ecology and management > vol 514 (15 June 2022) . - n° 120201 Titre : How large-scale bark beetle infestations influence the protective effects of forest stands against avalanches: A case study in the Swiss Alps Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Marion E. Caduff, Auteur ; Natalie Brožová, Auteur ; Andrea D. Kupferschmid, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2022 Article en page(s) : n° 120201 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Applications de télédétection [Termes IGN] Alpes [Termes IGN] avalanche [Termes IGN] bois mort [Termes IGN] dépérissement [Termes IGN] image à haute résolution [Termes IGN] modèle de simulation [Termes IGN] orthophotographie [Termes IGN] protection des forêts [Termes IGN] régénération (sylviculture) [Termes IGN] risque naturel [Termes IGN] santé des forêts [Termes IGN] Scolytinae [Termes IGN] Suisse [Termes IGN] xylophage Résumé : (auteur) Large-scale bark beetle outbreaks in spruce dominated mountain forests have increased in recent decades, and this trend is expected to continue in the future. These outbreaks have immediate and major effects on forest structure and ecosystem services. However, it remains unclear how forests recover from bark beetle infestations over the long term, and how different recovery stages fulfil the capacity of forests to protect infrastructures and human lives from natural hazards. The aim of this study was to investigate how a bark beetle infestation (1992–1997) in a spruce dominated forest in the Swiss Alps changed the forest structure and its protective function against snow avalanches. In 2020, i.e. 27 years after the peak of the outbreak, we re-surveyed the composition and height of new trees, as well as the deadwood height and degree of decay in an area that had been surveyed 20 years earlier. With the help of remote sensing data and avalanche simulations, we assessed the protective effect against avalanches before the disturbances (in 1985) and in 1997, 2007, 2014 and 2019 for a frequent (30-year return period) and an extreme (300-year return period) avalanche scenario. Post-disturbance regeneration led to a young forest that was again dominated by spruce 27 years after the outbreak, with median tree heights of 3–4 m and a crown cover of 10–30%. Deadwood covered 20–25% of the forest floor and was mainly in decay stages two and three out of five. Snags had median heights of 1.4 m, leaning logs 0.5 m and lying logs 0.3 m. The protective effect of the forest was high before the bark beetle outbreak and decreased during the first years of infestation (until 1997), mainly in the case of extreme avalanche events. The protective capacity reached an overall minimum in 2007 as a result of many forest openings. It partially recovered by 2014 and further increased by 2019, thanks to forest regeneration. Simulation results and a lack of avalanche releases since the infestation indicate that the protective capacity of post-disturbance forest stands affected by bark beetle may often be underestimated. Numéro de notice : A2022-349 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET/IMAGERIE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120201 Date de publication en ligne : 08/04/2022 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120201 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=100536 [article]

Natural disturbances risks in European boreal and temperate forests and their links to climate change : A review of modelling approaches / Joyce Machado Nunes Romeiro in Forest ecology and management, vol 509 (1 April 2022)  

Public [article]  inForest ecology and management > vol 509 (1 April 2022) . - n° 120071 Titre : Natural disturbances risks in European boreal and temperate forests and their links to climate change : A review of modelling approaches Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Joyce Machado Nunes Romeiro, Auteur ; Tron Eid, Auteur ; Clara Antón-Fernández, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2022 Article en page(s) : n° 120071 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] changement climatique [Termes IGN] dommage forestier causé par facteurs naturels [Termes IGN] foresterie [Termes IGN] forêt boréale [Termes IGN] forêt tempérée [Termes IGN] gelée [Termes IGN] gestion forestière adaptative [Termes IGN] incendie de forêt [Termes IGN] maladie parasitaire [Termes IGN] modèle de simulation [Termes IGN] modélisation [Termes IGN] risque naturel [Termes IGN] Scolytinae [Termes IGN] sécheresse [Vedettes matières IGN] Végétation et changement climatique Résumé : (auteur) It is expected that European Boreal and Temperate forests will be greatly affected by climate change, causing natural disturbances to increase in frequency and severity. To detangle how, through forest management, we can make forests less vulnerable to the impact of natural disturbances, we need to include the risks of such disturbances in our decision-making tools. The present review investigates: i) how the most important forestry-related natural disturbances are linked to climate change, and ii) different modelling approaches that assess the risks of natural disturbances and their applicability for large-scale forest management planning. Global warming will decrease frozen soil periods, which increases root rot, snow, ice and wind damage, cascading into an increment of bark beetle damage. Central Europe will experience a decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature, which lowers tree defenses against bark beetles and increases root rot infestations. Ice and wet snow damages are expected to increase in Northern Boreal forests, and to reduce in Temperate and Southern Boreal forests. However, lack of snow cover may increase cases of frost-damaged seedlings. The increased temperatures and drought periods, together with a fuel increment from other disturbances, likely enhance wildfire risk, especially for Temperate forests. For the review of European modelling approaches, thirty-nine disturbance models were assessed and categorized according to their required input variables and to the models’ outputs. Probability models are usually common for all disturbance model approaches, however, models that predict disturbance effects seem to be scarce. Numéro de notice : A2022-190 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET/MATHEMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120071 Date de publication en ligne : 10/02/2022 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120071 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=99946 [article]

Landsat-based monitoring of southern pine beetle infestation severity and severity change in a temperate mixed forest / Ran Meng in Remote sensing of environment, vol 269 (February 2022)  

Public [article]  inRemote sensing of environment > vol 269 (February 2022) . - n° 112847 Titre : Landsat-based monitoring of southern pine beetle infestation severity and severity change in a temperate mixed forest Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Ran Meng, Auteur ; Renjie Gao, Auteur ; Feng Zhao, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2022 Article en page(s) : n° 112847 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Applications de télédétection [Termes IGN] analyse spatiale [Termes IGN] dépérissement [Termes IGN] forêt tempérée [Termes IGN] image Landsat-8 [Termes IGN] insecte nuisible [Termes IGN] mortalité [Termes IGN] peuplement mélangé [Termes IGN] Scolytinae [Termes IGN] signature spectrale [Termes IGN] surveillance forestière [Termes IGN] xylophage Résumé : (auteur) The recent northward expansion of Southern Pine Beetle (SPB) outbreaks associated with warming winters has caused extensive tree mortality in temperate pine forests, significantly affecting forest dynamics, structure, and functioning. Spatially-explicit early warning and detection of SPB-induced tree mortality is critical for timely and sustainable forest management practices. The unique contributions of remote sensing technologies to mapping the location, extent, and severity of beetle outbreaks, as well as assisting in analyzing the potential drivers for outbreak predictions, have been well recognized. However, little is known about the performance of moderate resolution satellite multispectral imagery for early warning and detection of SPB-induced tree mortality. Thus, we conducted this study, as the first attempt, to capture the spatial-temporal patterns of SPB infestation severity at the regional scale and to understand the underlying environmental drivers in a spatially-explicit manner. First, we explored the spectral signatures of SPB-killed trees based on 30-m plot measurements and Landsat-8 imagery. Then, to improve detection accuracy for areas with low-moderate SPB infestation severity, we added spectral-temporal anomaly information in the form of a linear trend of the spectral index trajectory to a previously developed approach. The best overall accuracy increased from 84.7% to 90.1% and the best Macro F1 value increased from 0.832 to 0.900. Next, we compared the performances of spectral indices in mapping SPB infestation severity (i.e., % red stage within the 30-m grid cell). The results showed that the combination of Normalized Difference Moisture Index and Tasseled Cap Greenness had the best performance for mapping SPB infestation severity (2016: R2 = 0.754; RSME = 15.7; 2017: R2 = 0.787; RSME = 12.4). Finally, we found that climatic and landscape variables can explain the detected patterns of SPB infestation from 2014 to 2017 in our study area (R2 = 0.751; RSME = 9.67), providing valuable insights on possible predictors for early warning of SPB infestation. Specifically, in our study area, winter dew point temperature was found to be one of the most important predictors, followed by SPB infestation locations in the previous year, canopy cover of host species, elevation, and slope. In the context of continued global warming, our study not only provides a novel framework for efficient, spatially-explicit, and quantitative measurements of forest damage induced by SPB infestation over large scales, but also uncovers opportunities to predict future SPB outbreaks and take precautions against it. Numéro de notice : A2022-096 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET/IMAGERIE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2021.112847 Date de publication en ligne : 15/12/2021 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112847 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=99538 [article]

Early detection of forest stress from European spruce bark beetle attack, and a new vegetation index: Normalized distance red & SWIR (NDRS) / Langning Huo in Remote sensing of environment, Vol 255 (March 2021)  

Public [article]  inRemote sensing of environment > Vol 255 (March 2021) . - n° 112240 Titre : Early detection of forest stress from European spruce bark beetle attack, and a new vegetation index: Normalized distance red & SWIR (NDRS) Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Langning Huo, Auteur ; Henrik J. Persson, Auteur ; Eva Lindberg, Auteur Année de publication : 2021 Article en page(s) : n° 112240 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Applications de télédétection [Termes IGN] bande infrarouge [Termes IGN] écho radar [Termes IGN] houppier [Termes IGN] image Sentinel-MSI [Termes IGN] image Sentinel-SAR [Termes IGN] indice de stress [Termes IGN] indice de végétation [Termes IGN] insecte nuisible [Termes IGN] maladie parasitaire [Termes IGN] Picea mariana [Termes IGN] Scolytinae [Termes IGN] signature spectrale [Termes IGN] Suède [Termes IGN] vulnérabilité Résumé : (auteur) The European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus [L.]) is one of the most damaging pest insects of European spruce forests. A crucial measure in pest control is the removal of infested trees before the beetles leave the bark, which generally happens before the end of June. However, stressed tree crowns do not show any significant color changes in the visible spectrum at this early-stage of infestation, making early detection difficult. In order to detect the related forest stress at an early stage, we investigated the differences in radar and spectral signals of healthy and stressed trees. How the characteristics of stressed trees changed over time was analyzed for the whole vegetation season, which covered the period before attacks (April), early-stage infestation (‘green-attacks’, May to July), and middle to late-stage infestation (August to October). The results show that spectral differences already existed at the beginning of the vegetation season, before the attacks. The spectral separability between the healthy and infested samples did not change significantly during the ‘green-attack’ stage. The results indicate that the trees were stressed before the attacks and had spectral signatures that differed from healthy ones. These stress-induced spectral changes could be more efficient indicators of early infestations than the ‘green-attack’ symptoms. In this study we used Sentinel-1 and 2 images of a test site in southern Sweden from April to October in 2018 and 2019. The red and SWIR bands from Sentinel-2 showed the highest separability of healthy and stressed samples. The backscatter from Sentinel-1 and additional bands from Sentinel-2 contributed only slightly in the Random Forest classification models. We therefore propose the Normalized Distance Red & SWIR (NDRS) index as a new index based on our observations and the linear relationship between the red and SWIR bands. This index identified stressed forest with accuracies from 0.80 to 0.88 before the attacks, from 0.80 to 0.82 in the early-stage infestation, and from 0.81 to 0.91 in middle- and late-stage infestations. These accuracies are higher than those attained by established vegetation indices aimed at ‘green-attack’ detection, such as the Normalized Difference Water Index, Ratio Drought Index, and Disease Stress Water Index. By using the proposed method, we highlight the potential of using NDRS with Sentinel-2 images to estimate forest vulnerability to European spruce bark beetle attacks early in the vegetation season. Numéro de notice : A2021-190 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET/IMAGERIE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2020.112240 Date de publication en ligne : 20/01/2021 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112240 Format de la ressource électronique : url article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=97111 [article]

Est-il possible de tirer des enseignements des introductions anciennes d'agents pathogènes ? L'exemple de la graphiose de l'orme / Dominique Piou in Revue forestière française [en ligne], vol 70 n° 6 (2018)  

Public [article]  inRevue forestière française [en ligne] > vol 70 n° 6 (2018) . - pp 621 - 637 Titre : Est-il possible de tirer des enseignements des introductions anciennes d'agents pathogènes ? L'exemple de la graphiose de l'orme Titre original : Are There Any Lessons to be Learnt from Long-standing Introductions of Pathogens? The Case of Dutch Elm disease Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Dominique Piou, Auteur ; Fabienne Benest , Auteur ; Eric Collin, Auteur Année de publication : 2018 Projets : 1-Pas de projet / Article en page(s) : pp 621 - 637 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Français (fre) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Végétation [Termes IGN] inventaire forestier national (données France) [Termes IGN] maladie cryptogamique [Termes IGN] maladie phytosanitaire [Termes IGN] santé des forêts [Termes IGN] Scolytinae [Termes IGN] Ulmus glabra [Termes IGN] Ulmus minor Résumé : (auteur) La graphiose ou maladie hollandaise de l'orme a été détectée il y a près de cent ans dans le nord-est de la France. Depuis, elle s'est largement répandue au point d'être considérée comme une des maladies les plus destructives jamais observée sur ligneux, aussi bien en Europe qu'en Amérique du nord. D'autres maladies se sont révélées tout aussi dévastatrices comme le chancre du châtaignier, la aussi en Europe et Amérique du nord, ou potentiellement tout aussi dommageables comme la chalarose du frêne en Europe. Il était des lors intéressant d'essayer de tirer quelques enseignements d'une des plus anciennes pandémies affectant une essence forestière. En réalité, ce sont deux pandémies successives de graphiose, attribuées a deux champignons distincts (Ophiostoma ulmi puis O. novo-ulmi) qui se sont développées en Europe. O. novo-ulmi, responsable depuis la fin des années 1960 de la pandémie la plus grave, a connu au cours de son extension des changements évolutifs rapides par hybridation et transfert horizontal de gènes avec d'autres espèces. L'agressivité de ce champignon ne semble pas avoir diminué depuis cinquante ans et le volume d'Orme sur pied dans les forets françaises a fortement régressé, mais semble se stabiliser depuis une dizaine d'années entre 2 et 4 millions de mètres cubes, avec une dominance de jeunes tiges, selon les données de l'Inventaire forestier national. La mortalité en forêt semble également relativement faible, peut-être en liaison avec une chute des populations de son principal vecteur (Scolytus scolytus) qui est principalement inféodé aux arbres adultes. Malgré la diminution drastique des effectifs d'Orme, aucune étude n'a mis en évidence une diminution de la diversité génétique des populations champêtres en Europe. Par contre, l'introduction d'une espèce d'Orme asiatique résistante à la graphiose dans le sud de l'Europe a conduit après hybridation et introgression à des modifications irréversibles de la structure génétique des ormes autochtones. Dans cette zone, les actions de l'homme suite à la maladie pourraient avoir plus fortement modifié la structure génétique des populations d'Orme que la maladie elle-même. De même, les effets des deux pandémies successives sur la biodiversité associée aux ormes semblent relativement limités d'après la littérature. Ces résultats ne sont pas conformes à la vision alarmiste qui régnait au début des années 1980, laquelle avait entrainé la mise en place d'un conservatoire de ressources génétiques d'Orme sous la forme d'un parc à clones et suscite l'espoir de sélectionner des ormes résistants. Aucun clone ne s'est montré fortement résistant à la graphiose mais certains, parmi les plus aptes à guérir, peuvent contribuer à la reconstitution de haies champêtres. Dans les années 1990, des unités de conservation in situ, pour des populations d'Orme lisse et d'Orme de montagne ont pu être installées dans le cadre d'un réseau coordonné au niveau européen. Numéro de notice : A2018-678 Affiliation des auteurs : IGN+Ext (2012-2019) Thématique : FORET Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueNat DOI : 10.4267/2042/70312 En ligne : http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/handle/2042/70312 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=96408 [article]

La forêt face aux tempêtes / Yves Birot (2009)

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Le clairon des fourmis, un auxiliaire du forestier dans la lutte contre les scolytes, sensible au mélange d'essence / Louis-Michel Nageleisen in La Forêt Privée, n° 302 (juillet 2008)

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Les problèmes sanitaires d'actualité en hêtraie : la maladie du hêtre dans les Ardennes / Louis-Michel Nageleisen in Revue forestière française, vol 57 n° 2 (août 2005)  

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