| Résumé : |
(Auteur) In the age has of automation the ability to navigate persons and devices in indoor environments has become increasingly important for a rising number of applications. With the emergence of global satellite positioning systems, the performance of outdoor positioning has become excellent, but many mass market applications require seamless positioning capabilities in all environments. Therefore indoor positioning has become a focus of research and development during the past decade. It has by now become apparent that there is no overall solution based on a single technology, such as that provided outdoors by satellite-based navigation. We are still far away from achieving cheap provision of global indoor positioning with an accuracy of 1 meter. Current systems require dedicated local infrastructure and customized mobile units. As a result, the requirements for every application must be analyzed separately to provide an individually tailored solution. Therefore it is important to assess the performance parameters of all technologies capable of indoor positioning and match them with the user requirements which have to be described precisely for each application. Such descriptions must be based on a market analysis where the requirements parameters need to be carefully weighed against each other. The number of relevant requirements parameters is large (e.g. accuracy, coverage, integrity, availability, update rate, latency, costs, infrastructure, privacy, approval, robustness, intrusiveness etc.). But also the diversity of different technologies is large, making it a complex process to match a suitable technology with an application. At the highest level, all technologies can be divided into categories employing three different physical principles: inertial navigation (accelerometers and gyroscopes maintaining angular momentum), mechanical waves (i.e. audible and ultra-sound) and electromagnetic waves (i.e. using the visible, infrared, microwave and radio spectrum). Systems making use of the radio spectrum include FM radios, radars, cellular networks, DECT phones, WLAN, ZigBee RFID, ultra-wideband, high sensitives GNSS and pseudolite systems.
This thesis categorizes all sighted indoor positioning approaches into 13 distinct technologies and describes the measuring principles of each. Individual approaches are characterized and key performance parameters are quantified. For a better overview, these parameters are briefly compared in table form for each technology. |
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