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valeur aberranteSynonyme(s)observation aberrante |
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Evaluation et amélioration des performances de la chaine MNT P+XS SPOT5 / Jean Figuerola (2008)
Titre : Evaluation et amélioration des performances de la chaine MNT P+XS SPOT5 Type de document : Mémoire Auteurs : Jean Figuerola, Auteur Editeur : Champs-sur-Marne : Ecole nationale des sciences géographiques ENSG Année de publication : 2008 Importance : 116 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Note générale : Bibliographie
Rapport de stage de fin d'études, cycle des ingénieurs diplômés de l'ENSG 3ème année (IT3), [mastère PPMD]Langues : Français (fre) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Traitement d'image optique
[Termes IGN] chaîne de traitement
[Termes IGN] données localisées de référence
[Termes IGN] géoréférencement
[Termes IGN] image multibande
[Termes IGN] image panchromatique
[Termes IGN] image SPOT 5
[Termes IGN] modèle numérique de terrain
[Termes IGN] modélisation géométrique de prise de vue
[Termes IGN] précision altimétrique
[Termes IGN] précision planimétrique
[Termes IGN] test de performance
[Termes IGN] valeur aberranteIndex. décimale : MPPMD Mémoires du mastère spécialisé Photogrammétrie, Positionnement et Mesures de Déformation Résumé : (Auteur) Le Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales a implémenté il y a plusieurs années une chaîne de fabrication de MNT, à partir d'un couple d'images SPOT 5 (panchromatique et multispectrale) avec un très faible angle stéréoscopique. Ce dernier permet d'obtenir les hautes fréquences du terrain, à condition de s'appuyer sur un modèle géométrique extrêmement précis. Le défi majeur de la chaîne est donc d'améliorer astucieusement ce modèle, qui au départ possède la précision SPOT 5 trop insuffisante. Comme la chaîne n'a pas encore été validée, j'ai été chargé de l'évaluation des performances en matière de localisation et d'altitudes, en comparant les résultats obtenus avec des données de référence sur la France. Le but est d'améliorer la chaîne là où elle n'offre pas les résultats attendus, afin de pouvoir extrapoler le procédé à n'importe quelle scène sur Terre, mais également d'en recenser les limites. Note de contenu : 1 - Fonctionnement de la chaîne et données de référence
1.1 - Principe de la chaîne
1.1.1 - Présentation
1.1.2 - Processus de fabrication
1.2 - Quelques détails de fabrication du MNT P+XS
1.2.1 - Elimination des résidus d'attitude et de plan focal
1.2.2 - Calcul des dérives linéaires lors de la spatiotriangulation relative
1.3 - Outils utilisés par la chaîne, Données de référence
1.3.1 - Outils utilisés par la chaîne
1.3.2 - Récupération des données de référence
2 - Evaluation des performances
2.1 - Premières constatations
2.1.1 - Problème dans le calcul du B/H
2.1.2 - Problèmes de localisation absolue
2.2 - Performances de localisation
2.2.1 - Préparation des différentes données avant leur confrontation
2.2.2 - Corrélation de manière empirique
2.2.2.1 - Premières corrélations
2.2.2.2 - Nouvelle vague de corrélations
2.2.2.3 - Correction d'une erreur dans le script
2.3 - Performances d'altitude
2.3.1 - Evaluation statistique
3 - Améliorations
3.1 - Corrections sur la localisation
3.1.1 - Améliorations grossières
3.1.2 - Correction pratique
3.2 - Corrections sur l'altitude
3.2.1 - Interprétation des phénomènes de mauvaise restitution du relief
3.2.2 - Amélioration de l'altitude dans les zones critiques
3.2.2.1 - Traitement des zones d'ombre
3.2.2.2 - Traitement des zones nuageuses
3.3 - Autres pistes d'améliorations
3.3.1 -Outil Euclidium
3.3.2 - Filtrage des points aberrants
3.4 - Apports personnels du stageNuméro de notice : 13734 Affiliation des auteurs : IGN (1940-2011) Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Mémoire masters divers Organisme de stage : CNES Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=50127 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 13734-01 MPPMD Livre Centre de documentation Travaux d'élèves Disponible Solving algebraic computational problems in geodesy and geoinformatics / Joseph L. Awange (2005)
Titre : Solving algebraic computational problems in geodesy and geoinformatics : The answer to modern challenges Type de document : Monographie Auteurs : Joseph L. Awange, Auteur ; Erik W. Grafarend, Auteur Editeur : Berlin, Heidelberg, Vienne, New York, ... : Springer Année de publication : 2005 Importance : 334 p. Format : 16 x 24 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-3-540-23425-8 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Géodésie
[Termes IGN] anneau
[Termes IGN] coordonnées cartésiennes géocentriques
[Termes IGN] coordonnées ellipsoïdales
[Termes IGN] géomètrie algorithmique
[Termes IGN] modèle de Gauss-Markov
[Termes IGN] Ploynôme
[Termes IGN] positionnement par GPS
[Termes IGN] relèvement
[Termes IGN] transformation de coordonnées
[Termes IGN] transformation géométrique
[Termes IGN] valeur aberranteIndex. décimale : 30.04 Mathématiques appliquées à la géodésie Résumé : (Editeur) The book presents modern and efficient methods for solving Geodetic and Geoinformatics algebraic problems using computer algebra techniques of Ring, polynomials, Groebner basis, resultants, Gauss-Jacobi combinatorial and Procrustes algorithms. Although these problems are traditionally solved by approximate methods, this book presents alternative algebraic techniques based on computer algebra tools. This new approach meets such modern challenges as resection by laser techniques, solution of orientation in robotics, transformation and bundle block adjustment in geoinformatics, densification of engineering networks, analytical solution for GPS-meteorology and many other problems. For mathematicians the book provides some practical examples of abstract algebra application and multidimensional scaling. Note de contenu : 1. Introduction
2. Basics of Ring Theory
3. Basics of Polynominal Theory
4. Groebner Basis
5. Polynomial resultants
6. Gauss-Jacobi Combinatorial algorithm
7. Local versus Global Positioning Systems
8. Partial procrustes and the orientation problem
9. Positioning by ranging
10. From geocentric cartesian to ellipsoidal coordinates
11. Positioning by resection method
12. Positioning by intersection method
13. GPS Meteorology in environmental monitoring
14. Algebraic diagnosis of outliers
15. Transformation problem : procustes algorithm 2
16. Computer algebra systems.Numéro de notice : 12687 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Monographie Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=54752 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 12687-01 30.04 Livre Centre de documentation En réserve M-103 Disponible Digital Elevation Model technologies and applications / D.F. Maune (2001)
Titre : Digital Elevation Model technologies and applications : The DEM users manual Type de document : Guide/Manuel Auteurs : D.F. Maune, Éditeur scientifique Editeur : Bethesda [Maryland - Etats-Unis] : American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing ASPRS Année de publication : 2001 Importance : 539 p. Format : 18 x 26 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-1-57083-064-8 Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Traitement d'image
[Termes IGN] bathymétrie laser
[Termes IGN] données lidar
[Termes IGN] erreur moyenne quadratique
[Termes IGN] GPS-INS
[Termes IGN] image radar moirée
[Termes IGN] interféromètrie par radar à antenne synthétique
[Termes IGN] modèle numérique de surface
[Termes IGN] modèle numérique de terrain
[Termes IGN] précision géométrique (imagerie)
[Termes IGN] qualité
[Termes IGN] radar
[Termes IGN] recouvrement d'images
[Termes IGN] sonar
[Termes IGN] sondeur multifaisceaux
[Termes IGN] système de référence altimétrique
[Termes IGN] télémétrie laser
[Termes IGN] Triangulated Irregular Network
[Termes IGN] valeur aberranteIndex. décimale : 35.20 Traitement d'image Résumé : (Editeur) What's a DEM ? What's a TIN ? What's the difference between a DEM, DTM and DSM ? What ar mass points and breaklines ? How can I use DEMS to solve my problems ? How can I get DEMs and what's already available ? How are DEM's produced from photogrammetry ? IFSAR ? Lidar ? Sonar ? What are the capabilities and limitations of these technologies for producing DEMs ? What technology is best for me ? How do I check the quality of a DEM ? How do I know what to ask for ? How much do DEMs cost ? If you have these questions, and more, this manual is for you. This DEM Users Manual is designed to help potential users of digital elevation data understand and articulate their requirements in a way that their expectations are satisfied or ex-ceeded. If you have a dream that DEMs can help you do a better jog, or perhaps help society as a whole, this manual is dedicated to you - the DEM user. Note de contenu : 1- Introduction
David F Maune, Stephen M Kopp, Clayton A Crawford, and Chris E Zervas
Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)
3-D Surfaces from Mass Points and Breaklines
HydroEnforced DEMs and Contours
3-D Surface Modeling
Triangulated Irregular Networks (TINs)
Gridded Surfaces (DEMs, DTMs, DSMs)
Interpolation Methods
Contour Representation
Tides
Characteristics of Tides
Non-tidal Water Level Variations
The National Tidal Datum Epoch
Tide Station Networks
Bench Marks and Differential Leveling
Tide Zoning
2 - Vertical Datums
David Zilkoski
National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29)
North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88)
International Great Lakes Datum of 1985 (IGLD 85)
Tidal Datums
Comparison of NAVD 88 Heights with Local Mean Sea Level
National Height Modernization Study
Differences Between Ellipsoid Heights and Orthometric Heights
Basic Concepts of GPS-Derived Heights
Relating Vertical Datums to One Another
3 - Accuracy Standards
David F Maune, julie Binder Maitra, and Edward J McKay
Accuracy vs Precision
Introduction to Geodetic Control Standards
Introduction to Mapping Standards
National Map Accuracy Standards (NMAS), 1947
ASPRS Accuracy Standards for Large-Scale Maps, 1990
FGDC Geospatial Positioning Accuracy Standards, 1998
FGDC Standards for Nautical Charting Hydrographic Surveys
Draft Content Standard for Framework Land Elevation Data
National Digital Elevation Program (NDEP) Steering Committee Guidelines
4 - National Digital Elevation Program (NDEP)
Kenneth Osborn, John List, Dean Gesch, John Crowe, Gary Merrill, Eric Constance,
james Mauck, Christine Lund, Vincent Caruso, and John Kosovich
Program Goals and Accomplishments
History of USGS Elevation Data
The National Elevation Dataset (NED)
Archiving and Dissemination of Digital Elevation Data
Future Directions
Investigations and Research
5 - Photogrammetry
Craig W Molander
Technology Overview
Supporting Technologies
Data Collection Methods
Analytical & Softcopy Stereoplotters
Compilation Approaches
Digital Correlation
Types of Sensors
Film Cameras
Satellite Imagery
Digital Airborne Systems
Calibration Procedures
Planning Considerations
Capabilities and Limitations
Comparison with Competing/Complementary Technologies
Post-Processing
Quality Control
User Applications
Data Deliverables
Cost Considerations
Technological Advancements
6 - Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR)
Scott Hensley, Riadh Munjy, and Paul Rosen
Technology Overview
Developmental History
Types of Sensors
Position, Attitude and Baseline Metrology
Frequency Selection
Airborne Single-Pass/Repeat-Pass
Spaceborne Single-Pass/Repeat-Pass
Present Operating Status
NASA-NIMA/SRTNI (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission)
Calibration Procedures
Planning Considerations
Comparison with Other Technologies
Post Processing
Quality Control
User Applications
Data Deliverables
Cost Considerations
Technological Advancements
7 - Topographic Lidar
Robert Fowler
Technology Overview
Developmental History
Types of Sensors
First, Last, and Intermediate Returns
Intensity Returns
Present Operating Status
Calibration Procedures
Planning Considerations
Capabilities and Limitations
Post-Processing
Quality Control
User Applications
Data Deliverables
Cost Considerations
Comparison with Other Technologies
Technological Advancements
8 - Airborne Lidar Bathymetry
Gary C Guenther
User Applications
Developmental History
Concepts
Current Operating Status
Cost Considerations
Comparison with Overlapping Technologies
Operational Considerations
Future Advancements
9 - Sonar
Lloyd C Huff and Guy T Noll
Technology Overview
Developmental History
Basic Principles of Sonar Systems
Types of Sonars
Vertical Beam Sonar
Multibeam Sonar
Interferometric Sonar
Side Scan Sonar
Present Operating Status
Calibration Procedures
Planning Considerations
Capabilities and Limitations
Comparisons with Competing/Complementary Technologies
Post-Processing
Quality Control
Data Deliverables
Cost Considerations
Technological Advancements
10 - Enabling Technologies
Bruno Scherzinger, joe Hutton, and Moharned Mostafa
Precise GPS Positioning
Technology Overview
Developmental History
Types of Sensors
Post-Processing
Capabilities and Limitations
Planning Considerations and Quality Control
Comparison with Competing Technologies
Technological Advances
GPS-Aided Inertial Navigation System
Technology Overview
Developmental History
Direct Georeferencing Systems for Airborne DEM Generation
Types of Airborne DG Systems
Developmental History
Present Operating Status
Technology Overview
Boresight Calibration Requirements
Lever Arm Calibration Requirements
Post-Processing
Planning Considerations
Quality Control
Motion Sensing System for Multibeam Sonar Bathymetry
Overview
Developmental History
Types of Sensors
11 - DEM User Applications
David F Maune, Lloyd C Huff, and Gary C Guenther
Land Mapping
Planimetric Maps
Topographic Maps
Digital Orthophotos
Flood Insurance Rate Maps
Wetland Maps
Forestry Maps
Corridor or Right-of-Way Maps
The National Map
Transportation Applications
Land Transportation and Safety
Air Navigation and Safety
Marine Navigation and Safety
Other Underwater Applications
Resource Management
Seafloor Morphology
Underwater Archeology
Other Engineering Applications
Coastal Engineering
Water Supply and Quality
Stormwater Management
Subsidence Monitoring
Disaster Preparedness and Response
Floodplain Management
Seismic Monitoring
Military Applications
Commercial Applications
Precision Farming
Recreation
Real Estate, Banking, Mortgage, and Insurance Industries
Individual Applications
12 - DEM Quality Assessment
Cariton Daniel and Keith Tennant
DEM Performance Metrics
Vertical and Horizontal Accuracy
Post Spacing
Vertical & Horizontal Datum
Projection and Coordinate System
File Format & Sizes
Metadata
DEM Editing
Technology-Specific Accuracy Issues - Engineering Analysis
Photogrammetrically-Collected DEMs
Lidar-Collected DEMs
IFSAR-Collected DEMs
Accuracy Assessment and Reporting
TIN/DEM Accuracy Testing
Quality Control (QC) Checkpoints
TIN Interpolation
Example Lidar TIN Dataset
RMSE Calculations
Outliers
Accuracy Reporting at 95 Percent Confidence Level
The Percentile Method of Accuracy Assessment
DEM "5-Step" Accuracy Assessment and Reporting
Lidar Systematic Error Assessment
Programatic Examples
13 - DEM User Requirements
David F Maune, Timothy A Blak, and Eric W Constance
Changing Requirements
Accuracy and Cost Considerations
Technology-Based Cost Comparisons
Area-Based Cost Comparisons
Accuracy-Based Cost Comparisons
Other Lidar Accuracy/Cost Factors
DEM User Requirements Menu
Surface Description
Vertical & Horizontal Accuracy
Data Model
Horizontal & Vertical Datums
Coordinate System & Units
Data Format, File Size, Tile Size and Buffers
Outliers & Other Quality Factors
Appendix A, Acronyms
Appendix B, Term Definitions
Appendix C, Color Plates
IndexNuméro de notice : 10168 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : IMAGERIE Nature : Manuel Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=46000 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 10168-02 35.20 Livre Centre de documentation Télédétection Disponible 10168-01 35.20 Livre Centre de documentation Télédétection Disponible 10168-03 DEP-EL Livre Marne-la-Vallée Dépôt en unité Exclu du prêt
Titre : Robust estimators for geodetic transformations and GIS Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Entela Kanani, Auteur Editeur : Zurich : Institut für Geodäsie und Photogrammetrie IGP - ETH Année de publication : 2000 Collection : IGP Mitteilungen, ISSN 0252-9335 num. 070 Importance : 133 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-3-906467-26-9 Note générale : Bibliographie
non accessible dans la collectionLangues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Statistiques
[Termes IGN] compensation par modèles
[Termes IGN] estimateur
[Termes IGN] méthode des moindres carrés
[Termes IGN] méthode robuste
[Termes IGN] simplification de contour
[Termes IGN] transformation de coordonnées
[Termes IGN] transformation de Helmert
[Termes IGN] valeur aberrante
[Termes IGN] vectorisationRésumé : (Auteur) Most parameters in geodesy are determined by statistical estimator procedures. The method most commonly employed is that of Least Squares - an optimal estimator for normal distributed measurements. In practical evaluation, however, there often occur many observations which do not conform to the expected normal distribution. This occurs, for example, when a part of the observations contain outliers. With the help of robust statistics, it is possible to solve such problems, since they are not sensitive to outliers. This work concerns the evaluation of data using robust methods, particularly in the fields of linear transformation (geodesy) and vectorisation of areal objects from scanned topographic maps for Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Both the theoretical basis and the practical implementation are described. Besides the classical method of data evaluation, the Least Square, it is now possible to determine the transformation parameters at the geodetic transformation, by two robust estimators: the LMS estimator (from the class of the high breakdown point estimators) and the BIBER estimator (from the class of bounded influence estimators). It is shown that the LMS estimator, as a very good outlier detector, can be used when data is highly contaminated (up to 50%); whereas the BIBER estimator is more appropriate in instances where the number of outliers is small, and the assumption of the normal distribution can still be accepted. A combination of both estimators gives optimal results, even when the data are contaminated (up to 50%). A novel application in the field of GIS and cartography is demonstrated, involving the employment of robust techniques for the automatic vectorisation of buildings extracted from topographic and general maps. This application was motivated by the growing need for the automatisation of data acquisition processes in GIS, which are otherwise expensive, and laborious. An appropriate adjustment model, which incorporates robust techniques (BIBER estirnator) for the evaluation of data, delivers excellent results, in a short period of time, using a fully automatic process. The developed algorithms are implemented in prototype software and have shown to be good tools for the evaluation of data in these two fields. Note de contenu : 1. ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS, IN GEODESY
- The Adjustment Model in Geodesy
- The Robust Adjustment Model in Geodesy
2. CLASSES OF ROBUST METHODS
- The Huber-Type Estimator
- Bounded Influence Estimates
- High Breakdown Point Estimates
3. ROBUST ESTIMATORS FOR GEODETIC-TRANSFORMATIONS
- Linear Transformations - Introduction
- Linear Transformations in Geodesy
- Determination of the Unknown Parameters by Least Square Method
- Determination of the Unknown Parameters by Robust Estimators
- Applications and Results
4. ROBUST ESTIMATORS IN THE AUTOMATICS STRUCTURING OF RASTER DATA
- Topographic Map
- From Analogue Copy to Numerical Data
- Vectorisation of Topographic Features
- Pattern Recognition based Vectorisation
- Vectorisation - Contour Extraction
- Simplification and Smoothing of Digitised Lines
- Adjustment of the Approximated Contour - New ApproachNuméro de notice : 11429 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : MATHEMATIQUE Nature : Thèse étrangère Organisme de stage : Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich En ligne : https://ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/baug/igp/igp-dam/documents/PhD [...] Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=54403 Ausgleichung mit singulärer Varianzkovarianzmatrix am Beispiel der geometrischen Deformationsanalyse / G. Nkuite (1998)
Titre : Ausgleichung mit singulärer Varianzkovarianzmatrix am Beispiel der geometrischen Deformationsanalyse Titre original : [Compensation avec une matrice de variance-covariance singulière : exemple de l'analyse de déformation géométrique] Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : G. Nkuite, Auteur Editeur : Munich : Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften Année de publication : 1998 Collection : DGK - C Sous-collection : Dissertationen num. 501 Importance : 85 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-3-7696-9540-3 Note générale : Bibliographie Langues : Allemand (ger) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Algèbre
[Termes IGN] axiome de Bayes
[Termes IGN] compensation
[Termes IGN] déformation géométrique
[Termes IGN] matrice de covariance
[Termes IGN] modèle linéaire
[Termes IGN] modèle stochastique
[Termes IGN] valeur aberranteRésumé : (Auteur) The principal subject matter of this work is the development and analysis of the theory for adjustment with singular variance covariance matrix (vcm) of observations. Further objectives are the development of a method for the localization of outliers and of a theory for modelling of the point noise by the congruency test.
The problem in linear model with singular vcm is the determination of a weight matrix to compute the weighted square of the residuals. This weight matrix depends on the choice of the g-inverse. To ensure the uniqueness of the weighted square of the residuals, a model space matrix of the observations that takes into account all information contained in the observations is defined.
To accelerate the localization of outliers in a linear model a method is presented that is based on the analysis of the sensitivity of the observations on the computation of adjusted observations and of the residuals.
For the computation of the separability measures, the changes of the weighted square of the residuals under different alternative hypotheses are used. To develop less sensitive hypothesis tests, two methods are derived. The first one is based on a modification of the stochastic model and the second one on the computation of test values by means of Bayesian statistics without change of the vcm of the observations. The singularity of the vcm means that the observations contain stochastic and non-stochastic information. It is shown that the use of the g-inverse of the singular vcm as weight matrix is only allowed if the column space of the design matrix is included in the column space of the vcm. The estimation of the parameters in the linear model with singular vcm does not depend on the rank of the vcm but on the rank of the design matrix. For the models of the geometrical deformation analysis (e.g. strain and block movement model) by which adjusted coordinates are used as observations, the design matrix is always column regular. Thus the parameters in these models are best linear unbiased estimable.Numéro de notice : 56305 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : MATHEMATIQUE Nature : Thèse étrangère Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=60001 Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 56305-01 23.20 Livre Centre de documentation Mathématiques Disponible 56305-02 23.20 Livre Centre de documentation Mathématiques Disponible Integration of satellite data in local geodetic networks / K. Engsager (1998)PermalinkEvaluation du module professionnel de l'outil de photogrammétrie numérique ortho max, tests d'applications sur des données aériennes et satellitales / A. Ricotta (1997)PermalinkA technique for the removal of outliers during a computerised map generalisation process / Nicholas J. Brown in Cartographic journal (the), vol 33 n° 1 (June 1996)PermalinkKonzeptstudie für die Berechnungsarbeiten bei der Erneuerung geodätischer Netze / E. Kistler (1994)PermalinkModélisation et estimation des erreurs de mesure / M. Neuilly (1993)PermalinkLe poids des observations dans la méthode des moindres carrés / André Fontaine (1991)PermalinkA robust strategy for the detection of multiple outliers / K. Owolabi (02/04/1989)PermalinkSeminar mathematical models of geodetic-photogrammetric point determination with regards to outliers and systematice errors, Working Group 3-1 of ISP, Commission A of OEEPE (Aerial triangulation) / F. Ackermann (1983)PermalinkDie Suche nach groben Fehlern in photogrammetrischen Lageblöcken / Wolfgang Förstner (1978)PermalinkEssai sur l'élimination automatique des observations aberrantes dans un calcul par moindres carrés / Henri Marcel Dufour (1973)Permalink