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Coastal GNSS-R phase altimetry based on the combination of L1 and L5 signals under high sea states / Yunqiao He in Journal of geodesy, vol 97 n° 2 (February 2023)  

Public [article]  inJournal of geodesy > vol 97 n° 2 (February 2023) . - n° 19 Titre : Coastal GNSS-R phase altimetry based on the combination of L1 and L5 signals under high sea states Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Yunqiao He, Auteur ; Fan Gao, Auteur ; Tianhe Xu, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2023 Article en page(s) : n° 19 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] diffusion de Rayleigh [Termes IGN] hauteurs de mer [Termes IGN] niveau de la mer [Termes IGN] phase GNSS [Termes IGN] précision altimétrique [Termes IGN] Quasi-Zenith Satellite System [Termes IGN] rapport signal sur bruit [Termes IGN] récepteur bifréquence [Termes IGN] réflectométrie par GNSS [Termes IGN] signal GNSS [Vedettes matières IGN] Altimétrie Résumé : (auteur) High-precision sea surface heights retrieved from the Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) measurements will be valuable in the fields of geodesy and oceanography studies. Due to the short wavelengths and low power of GNSS signals, the continuously tracked carrier phase measurements of reflected signals are usually unavailable for sea surfaces with big roughness, varying over space and time. In coastal conditions, persisting spatial coherence assumption can be made within the antenna coverage when the waves are not greatly breaking. To deal with temporal incoherence, we propose an improved algorithm to extract the combined interferometric phase difference measurements between direct and reflected signals under high sea states. After initial tracking the direct signals, dual-frequency observations are combined in the complex domain and the resulting interferometric signal is refined through open-loop tracking with 60-s coherent integration before the phase difference measurements are extracted, without tracking their respective carrier phase measurements in advance. In order to verify our method, a coastal experiment under different sea conditions was conducted and raw intermediate frequency data were collected. The raw data were then processed by a GNSS-R software-defined receiver to compute the path delay measurements of Quasi-Zenith Satellite System signals, which had good visibility during our experiment. For high sea states, that is, when the Rayleigh criterion is not fulfilled for the individual wavelengths, the phase delay measurements of L1 and L5 were random over time, while phase delay can still be well recovered for their combination. Also, the phase delay combination can be well extracted with a higher elevation angle than the previous studies. Finally, the altimetry solutions derived from the carrier phase delay measurements combination were compared with the in situ observations from a 26-GHz radar altimeter. The results show that centimeter-level altimetry accuracy using the combined measurements of L1 and L5 can be achieved under high sea states. Numéro de notice : A2023-132 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1007/s00190-023-01712-6 Date de publication en ligne : 27/03/2023 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-023-01712-6 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=102675 [article]

Signal Processing for GNSS Reflectometry / Corentin Lubeigt (2023)  

Public Titre : Signal Processing for GNSS Reflectometry Type de document : Thèse/HDR Auteurs : Corentin Lubeigt, Auteur ; Eric Chaumette, Directeur de thèse ; Jordi Vilà-Valls, Directeur de thèse Editeur : Toulouse : Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace Année de publication : 2023 Importance : 217 p. Format : 21 x 30 cm Note générale : Bibliographie Thèse pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l'Université de Toulouse, Spécialité Informatique et Télécommunications Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Traitement du signal [Termes IGN] convolution (signal) [Termes IGN] distorsion du signal [Termes IGN] réflectométrie par GNSS [Termes IGN] réflexion (rayonnement) [Termes IGN] théorie de l'estimation Index. décimale : THESE Thèses et HDR Résumé : (Auteur) Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Reflectometry, or GNSS-R, is the study of GNSS signals reflected from the Earth’s surface. These so-called signals of opportunity, usually seen as a nuisance in standard navigation applications, contain meaningful information on the nature and relative position of the reflecting surface. Depending on the receiver platform (e.g., ground-based, airplane, satellite) and the reflecting surface itself (e.g., rough sea, lake), the reflected signal, more or less distorted, is difficult to model, and the corresponding methods to estimate the signal parameters of interest may vary. This thesis starts from the navigation multipath problem in harsh environments, which can be seen as a dual source estimation problem where the main source is the signal of interest, and the secondary one is a single reflection of the main source. Depending on the scenario and the resources at hand, it is possible i) to estimate the parameters of interest (i.e., time-delay, Doppler frequency, amplitude and phase) of both sources, or ii) to estimate only one source’s parameters, although these estimates may be biased because of the interfering source. Either way, it is necessary to know the achievable performance for these estimation problems. For this purpose, tools from the estimation theory, such as the Cramér-Rao bound (CRB), can be used. In this thesis a CRB expression was derived for the properly specified case (dual source), and the misspecified one (single source). These bounds were compared to the performance obtained with different estimators, in order to theoretically characterize the problem at hand. This study allowed to establish a clear mathematical framework that also fits the ground-based GNSS-R problem, for which the reflected signal is little distorted by the reflecting surface. In this case, the direct and reflected signals are close in time, which inevitably leads to interference, or crosstalk, and then to a clear performance degradation. Standard GNSS-R techniques, which do not perform well in this ground-based scenario, were compared to the CRB and two proposed approaches: i) a Taylor approximation of the dual source likelihood criterion when both sources are very close in time, and ii) a dual source estimation strategy to reduce or cancel the crosstalk. This part on ground-based GNSS-R was supported by a real data set, obtained from a data collection campaign organized by CNES (Toulouse, France). The problem changes slowly when the satellite elevation increases: the reflection, assumed coherent so far, turns non-coherent because of the reflecting surface roughness. The automatic detection of this transition (i.e., from coherent to non-coherent) is of great interest for future satellite missions. Reflection coherence is mainly observed by looking at the relative phase between the reflected and direct signals. Consequently, a statistical study of phase difference time series allowed to build tests that depend on the time series Gaussianity or regularity. The proposed tests were applied to a data set provided by the IEEC (Barcelona, Spain). Finally, for scenarios where the reflecting surface distorts the signal significantly, it is necessary to adapt the signal model. The approach proposed in this thesis is to consider the received signal as a convolution between the transmitted signal and the reflecting surface impulse response. This signal model goes with the derivation of the corresponding CRB and the implementation of the maximum likelihood estimator. The question of the impulse response size determination, that is, the determination of the number of pulses required to describe the impulse response, was also tackled based on hypothesis tests. Simulation results show the potential of this approach. Note de contenu : Introduction 1. Concepts and Tools: From Estimation Theory to GNSS-R 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Background on Deterministic Estimation Theory 1.3 Global Navigation Satellite Systems 1.4 The Multipath Problem 1.5 GNSS Reflectometry 1.6 Conclusion 2. Multipath Effect and Its Impact on Positioning Performance 2.1 Introduction 2.2 MPEE for Different Multipath Mitigation Techniques 2.3 Joint Delay-Doppler Estimation Performance in a Dual Source Context 2.4 A Metric for Multipath-Robust Signal Design and Analysis 2.5 Misspecified Cramér-Rao Bounds in Multipath Scenarios 2.6 Conclusion 3. Ground-Based GNSS-R 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Gruissan Data Campaign 3.3 Crosstalk Characterization 3.4 Approximate Maximum Likelihood for Narrowband GNSS Signals 3.5 Performance on Simulated Data 3.6 Altimetry Using Wideband GNSS Signals 3.7 Conclusion 4. Towards Diffuse Scattering 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Coherence Analysis 4.3 Impulse Response Estimation 4.4 Impulse Response Size Determination: A Detection Problem 4.5 Conclusion Conclusion and Perspectives Numéro de notice : 26963 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Thèse française Note de thèse : Thèse de Doctorat : Informatique et Télécommunications : Toulouse : 2023 nature-HAL : Thèse DOI : sans Date de publication en ligne : 27/02/2023 En ligne : https://hal.science/tel-04006612v1/document Format de la ressource électronique : URL Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=102915

Multi‑constellation GNSS interferometric reflectometry for the correction of long-term snow height retrieval on sloping topography / Wei Zhou in GPS solutions, vol 26 n° 4 (October 2022)  

Public [article]  inGPS solutions > vol 26 n° 4 (October 2022) . - n° 140 Titre : Multi‑constellation GNSS interferometric reflectometry for the correction of long-term snow height retrieval on sloping topography Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Wei Zhou, Auteur ; Liangke Huang, Auteur ; Bing Ji, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2022 Article en page(s) : n° 140 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] hauteur (coordonnée) [Termes IGN] manteau neigeux [Termes IGN] pente [Termes IGN] Ransac (algorithme) [Termes IGN] rapport signal sur bruit [Termes IGN] réflectométrie par GNSS [Termes IGN] signal GNSS [Termes IGN] système de référence altimétrique [Termes IGN] topographie locale [Termes IGN] transformation en ondelettes [Termes IGN] valeur aberrante [Vedettes matières IGN] Altimétrie Résumé : (auteur) Snow is a key parameter for global climate and hydrological systems. Global Navigation Satellite System interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR) has been applied to accurately monitor snow height (SH) with low cost and high temporal–spatial resolution. We proposed an improved GNSS-IR method using detrended signal-to-noise ratio (δSNR) arcs corresponding to multipath reflection tracks with different azimuths. After using wavelet decomposition and random sample consensus, noise with various frequencies for SNR arcs and outliers of reflector height (RH) estimations have been sequentially mitigated to enhance the availability of the proposed method. Thus, a height datum based on the ground RHs retrieved from multi-GNSS SNR data is established to compensate for the influence of topography variation with different azimuths in SH retrieval. The approximately 3-month δSNR datasets collected from three stations deployed on sloping topography were used to retrieve SH and compared with the existing method and in situ measurements. The results show that the root mean square errors of the retrievals derived from the proposed method for the three sites are between 4 and 8 cm, and the corresponding correlation surpasses 0.95 when compared to the reference SH datasets. Additionally, we compare the performance of a retrieval with the existing GNSS-IR Web App, and it shows an improvement in RMSE of about 7 cm. Furthermore, because topography variation has been considered, the average correction of SH retrievals is between 2 and 4 cm. The solution with the proposed method helps develop the applications of the GNSS-IR technique on complex topography. Numéro de notice : A2022-712 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article DOI : 10.1007/s10291-022-01333-0 Date de publication en ligne : 15/09/2022 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-022-01333-0 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=101590 [article]

Ground surface elevation changes over permafrost areas revealed by multiple GNSS interferometric reflectometry / Yufeng Hu in Journal of geodesy, vol 96 n° 8 (August 2022)  

Public [article]  inJournal of geodesy > vol 96 n° 8 (August 2022) . - n° 56 Titre : Ground surface elevation changes over permafrost areas revealed by multiple GNSS interferometric reflectometry Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Yufeng Hu, Auteur ; Ji Wang, Auteur ; Zhenhong Li, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2022 Article en page(s) : n° 56 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Applications de géodésie spatiale [Termes IGN] Alaska (Etats-Unis) [Termes IGN] analyse diachronique [Termes IGN] dégel [Termes IGN] données Galileo [Termes IGN] données GLONASS [Termes IGN] pergélisol [Termes IGN] rapport signal sur bruit [Termes IGN] réflecteur [Termes IGN] réflectométrie par GNSS [Termes IGN] signal GNSS [Termes IGN] surface du sol [Termes IGN] variation saisonnière Résumé : (auteur) Ground subsidence and uplift caused by the annual thawing and freezing of the active layer are important variables in permafrost studies. Global positioning system interferometric reflectometry (GPS-IR) has been successfully applied to retrieve the continuous ground surface movements in permafrost areas. However, only GPS signals were used in previous studies. In this study, using multiple global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) observations recorded by a GNSS station SG27 in Utqiaġvik, Alaska during the period from 2018 to 2021, we applied multiple GNSS-IR (multi-GNSS-IR) technique to the SNR data and obtained the complete and continuous ground surface elevation changes over the permafrost area at a daily interval in snow-free seasons in 2018 and 2019. The GLONASS-IR and Galileo-IR measurements agreed with the GPS-IR measurements at L1 frequency, which are the most consistent measurements among all multi-GNSS measurements, in terms of the overall subsidence trend but clearly showed periodic noises. We proposed a method to reconstruct the GLONASS- and Galileo-IR elevation changes by specifically grouping and fitting them with a composite model. Compared with GPS L1 results, the unbiased root mean square error (RMSE) of the reconstructed Galileo measurements reduced by 50.0% and 42.2% in 2018 and 2019, respectively, while the unbiased RMSE of the reconstructed GLONASS measurements decreased by 41.8% and 25.8% in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Fitting the composite model to the combined multi-GNSS-IR, we obtained seasonal displacements of − 3.27 ± 0.13 cm (R2 = 0.763) and − 10.56 ± 0.10 cm (R2 = 0.912) in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Moreover, we found that the abnormal summer heave was strongly correlated with rain events, implying hydrological effects on the ground surface elevation changes. Our study shows the feasibility of multi-GNSS-IR in permafrost areas for the first time. Multi-GNSS-IR opens up a great opportunity for us to investigate ground surface movements over permafrost areas with multi-source observations, which are important for our robust analysis and quantitative understanding of frozen ground dynamics under climate change. Numéro de notice : A2022-606 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1007/s00190-022-01646-5 Date de publication en ligne : 13/08/2022 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-022-01646-5 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=101385 [article]

Coastal observation of sea surface tide and wave height using opportunity signal from Beidou GEO satellites: analysis and evaluation / Feng Wang in Journal of geodesy, vol 96 n° 4 (April 2022)  

Public [article]  inJournal of geodesy > vol 96 n° 4 (April 2022) . - n° 17 Titre : Coastal observation of sea surface tide and wave height using opportunity signal from Beidou GEO satellites: analysis and evaluation Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Feng Wang, Auteur ; Dongkai Yang, Auteur ; Guodong Zhang, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2022 Article en page(s) : n° 17 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Géodésie spatiale [Termes IGN] Chine [Termes IGN] données altimétriques [Termes IGN] données marégraphiques [Termes IGN] hauteurs de mer [Termes IGN] méthode de Monte-Carlo [Termes IGN] modèle géométrique [Termes IGN] rapport signal sur bruit [Termes IGN] récepteur GNSS [Termes IGN] réflectométrie par GNSS [Termes IGN] signal BeiDou [Termes IGN] surface de la mer [Termes IGN] vague Résumé : (auteur) In this paper, the methods retrieving tide and SWH using reflected BeiDou GEO satellite signals are proposed, and a data-driven method is proposed to calibrate sea state bias of the retrieved tide. In addition, an estimator combining multi-satellite observation based on linear unbiased minimum variance (LUMV) is developed to improve the retrieved precision. The B1I signal experiments in Qingdao and Shenzhen show after calibrating sea state influence using the proposed method, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) could fall to 0.40 m from 0.45 m, and compared to the single-satellite observation, the multi-satellite observation based on the LUMV estimator could significantly reduce the RMSE of the retrieved tide to 0.16 m. Shenzhen experiment is also used to evaluate the performance of retrieving SWH and the determination coefficient of 0.60 is obtained. This paper also conducts Monte Carlo simulation and experiment to evaluate the altimetry and measuring SWH precision using reflected B3I signal. The simulated results when SNR is over 5 dB, incoherent averaging number is 10000, and the receiver bandwidth is over 45 MHz, the estimated precision of the delay can reach up ∼0.15 m, and the precision of the normalized area ranges from 0.2 to 0.3 m. The B3I experiment show that compared to B1I signal, when the reflected signal from individual satellite is used, the better precision with the RMSE of 0.25 can be obtained, and when combining the measurements from the three satellites using LUMV estimator, the RMSE reduces to 0.16 m. Further, the precision of 0.12 m can be obtained by calibrating the sea state influence. Numéro de notice : A2022-213 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : POSITIONNEMENT Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1007/s00190-022-01605-0 Date de publication en ligne : 06/03/2022 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-022-01605-0 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=100050 [article]

GNSS reflectometry global ocean wind speed using deep learning: Development and assessment of CyGNSSnet / Milad Asgarimehr in Remote sensing of environment, vol 269 (February 2022)  

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Non-linear GNSS signal processing applied to land observation with high-rate airborne reflectometry / Hamza Issa (2022)  

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Python software to transform GPS SNR wave phases to volumetric water content / Angel Martín in GPS solutions, vol 26 n° 1 (January 2022)  

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Improving soil moisture retrieval from GNSS-interferometric reflectometry: parameters optimization and data fusion via neural network / Yajie Shi in International Journal of Remote Sensing IJRS, vol 42 n° 23 (1-10 December 2021)  

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Ten years of Lake Taupō surface height estimates using the GNSS interferometric reflectometry / Lucas D. Holden in Journal of geodesy, vol 95 n° 7 (July 2021)  

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SNR-based water height retrieval in rivers: Application to high amplitude asymmetric tides in the Garonne river / Pierre Zeiger in Remote sensing, vol 13 n° 9 (May-1 2021)  

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Python software tools for GNSS interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR) / Angel Martín in GPS solutions, Vol 24 n° 4 (October 2020)  

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Raytracing atmospheric delays in ground-based GNSS reflectometry / T. Nicolaidou in Journal of geodesy, vol 94 n° 8 (August 2020)  

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Real-time sea-level monitoring using Kalman filtering of GNSS-R data / Joakim Strandberg in GPS solutions, vol 23 n° 3 (July 2019)  

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Parameter estimation with GNSS-reflectometry and GNSS synthetic aperture techniques / Miguel Angel Ribot Sanfelix (2018)  

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