Descripteur
Termes IGN > sciences naturelles > sciences de la vie > biologie > botanique > botanique systématique > Tracheophyta > Spermatophytina > Angiosperme
AngiospermeSynonyme(s)plante à fleurs magnoliophyteVoir aussi |
Documents disponibles dans cette catégorie (692)
Ajouter le résultat dans votre panier
Visionner les documents numériques
Affiner la recherche Interroger des sources externes
Etendre la recherche sur niveau(x) vers le bas
An open science and open data approach for the statistically robust estimation of forest disturbance areas / Saverio Francini in International journal of applied Earth observation and geoinformation, vol 106 (February 2022)
[article]
Titre : An open science and open data approach for the statistically robust estimation of forest disturbance areas Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Saverio Francini, Auteur ; Ronald E. McRoberts, Auteur ; Giovanni d' Amico, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2022 Article en page(s) : n° 102663 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Vedettes matières IGN] Applications de télédétection
[Termes IGN] changement climatique
[Termes IGN] coupe rase (sylviculture)
[Termes IGN] détection de changement
[Termes IGN] estimation statistique
[Termes IGN] Fagus sylvatica
[Termes IGN] Google Earth Engine
[Termes IGN] image Sentinel-MSI
[Termes IGN] Italie
[Termes IGN] méthode robuste
[Termes IGN] perturbation écologique
[Termes IGN] Quercus cerris
[Termes IGN] Quercus pedunculata
[Termes IGN] Quercus pubescens
[Termes IGN] Quercus sessiliflora
[Termes IGN] surveillance forestièreRésumé : (auteur) Forest disturbance monitoring is critical for understanding forest-related greenhouse gas emissions and for determining the role of forest management in mitigating climate change. Multiple algorithms for the automated mapping of forest disturbance using remotely sensed imagery have been developed and applied; however, variability in natural and anthropogenic disturbance phenomena, as well as image acquisition conditions, can result in maps that may be incomplete or that contain inaccuracies that prevent their use for directly estimating areas of disturbance. To reduce errors in reporting disturbance areas, stratified estimators can be applied to obtain statistically robust area estimates, while simultaneously circumventing the need to conduct a complete census or in situations where such a census may not be possible. We present a semi-automated procedure for implementation in Google Earth Engine, 3I3D-GEE, for regional to global mapping of forest disturbance (including clear-cut harvesting, fire, and wind damage) and sample-based estimation of related areas using data from the processing capacity of Google Earth Engine. Documentation for the application is also provided in Appendix A. Using Sentinel-2 (S2) imagery, our procedure was applied and tested for 2018 in Italy for which the approximately 11 million ha of forests (mostly Q. pubescens, Q. robur, Q. cerris, Q. petraea, and Fagus sylvatica) serve as an appropriate case study because national statistics on forest disturbance areas are not available. To decrease the overall standard errors of the area estimates, the sampling intensities in areas where greater variability in the form of greater commission and omission errors are expected can be increased. To this end, we augmented the predicted forest disturbance map with a buffer class consisting of a two-pixel buffer (20 m) on each side of the disturbance class boundary. We selected a reference sample of 19,300 points: a simple random sample of 9,300 points from the buffer and simple random samples of 5000 from each of the undisturbed and disturbed classes. The reference sample was photointerpreted using fine resolution orthophotos (30 cm) and S2 imagery. While the estimate of the disturbed area obtained by adding the areas of pixels classified as disturbed was 41,732 ha, the estimate obtained using the unbiased stratified estimator was 27% greater at 57,717716 ha. Regarding map accuracy, we found several omission errors in the buffer (53.4%) but none (0%) in the undisturbed map class. Similarly, among the 1035 commission errors, the majority (7 4 4) were in the buffer class. The methods presented herein provide a useful tool that can be used to estimate areas of forest disturbance, which many nations must report as part of their commitment to international conventions and treaties. In addition, the information generated can support forest management, enabling the forest sector to monitor stand-replacing forest harvesting over space and time. Numéro de notice : A2022-072 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET/IMAGERIE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1016/j.jag.2021.102663 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102663 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=99437
in International journal of applied Earth observation and geoinformation > vol 106 (February 2022) . - n° 102663[article]European-wide forest monitoring substantiate the neccessity for a joint conservation strategy to rescue European ash species (Fraxinus spp.) / Jan-Peter George in Scientific reports, vol 12 (2022)
[article]
Titre : European-wide forest monitoring substantiate the neccessity for a joint conservation strategy to rescue European ash species (Fraxinus spp.) Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Jan-Peter George, Auteur ; Tanja G.M. Sanders, Auteur ; Volkmar Timmermann, Auteur ; Nenad Potočić, Auteur ; Mait Lang, Auteur Année de publication : 2022 Article en page(s) : n° 4764 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] défoliation
[Termes IGN] Europe (géographie politique)
[Termes IGN] Fraxinus angustifolia
[Termes IGN] Fraxinus excelsior
[Termes IGN] mortalité
[Termes IGN] politique de conservation (biodiversité)
[Termes IGN] régression
[Termes IGN] surveillance forestière
[Vedettes matières IGN] Végétation et changement climatiqueRésumé : (auteur) European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and narrow-leafed ash (F. angustifolia) are keystone forest tree species with a broad ecological amplitude and significant economic importance. Besides global warming both species are currently under significant threat by an invasive fungal pathogen that has been spreading progressively throughout the continent for almost three decades. Ash dieback caused by the ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is capable of damaging ash trees of all age classes and often ultimately leads to the death of a tree after years of progressively developing crown defoliation. While studies at national and regional level already suggested rapid decline of ash populations as a result of ash dieback, a comprehensive survey at European level with harmonized crown assessment data across countries could shed more light into the population decline from a pan-European perspective and could also pave the way for a new conservation strategy beyond national boarders. Here we present data from the ICP Forests Level I crown condition monitoring from 27 countries resulting in > 36,000 observations. We found a substantial increase in defoliation and mortality over time indicating that crown defoliation has almost doubled during the last three decades. Hotspots of mortality are currently situated in southern Scandinavia and north-eastern Europe. Overall survival probability after nearly 30 years of infection has already reached a critical value of 0.51, but with large differences among regions (0.20–0.86). Both a Cox proportional hazard model as well as an Aalen additive regression model strongly suggest that survival of ash is significantly lower in locations with excessive water regime and which experienced more extreme precipitation events during the last two decades. Our results underpin the necessity for fast governmental action and joint rescue efforts beyond national borders since overall mean defoliation will likely reach 50% as early as 2030 as suggested by time series forecasting. Numéro de notice : A2022-309 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET Nature : Article DOI : 10.1038/s41598-022-08825-6 Date de publication en ligne : 19/03/2022 En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08825-6 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=100404
in Scientific reports > vol 12 (2022) . - n° 4764[article]Five decades of ground flora changes in a temperate forest: The good, the bad and the ambiguous in biodiversity terms / K.J. Kirby in Forest ecology and management, vol 505 (February-1 2022)
[article]
Titre : Five decades of ground flora changes in a temperate forest: The good, the bad and the ambiguous in biodiversity terms Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : K.J. Kirby, Auteur ; D.R. Bazely, Auteur ; E.A. Goldberg, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2022 Article en page(s) : n° 119896 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] analyse diachronique
[Termes IGN] biomasse forestière
[Termes IGN] Brachypodium (genre)
[Termes IGN] Cervidae
[Termes IGN] composition floristique
[Termes IGN] dépérissement
[Termes IGN] détection de changement
[Termes IGN] eutrophisation
[Termes IGN] flore forestière
[Termes IGN] forêt tempérée
[Termes IGN] Fraxinus excelsior
[Termes IGN] gestion forestière
[Termes IGN] maladie phytosanitaire
[Termes IGN] richesse floristique
[Termes IGN] Royaume-Uni
[Termes IGN] Tracheophyta
[Vedettes matières IGN] ForesterieRésumé : (auteur) We explore how the ground flora of a temperate woodland (Wytham Woods, southern England) changed in terms of species-richness, cover and biomass over five decades; what the drivers of change were; and possible future change as a consequence of the decline in Fraxinus excelsior as a canopy dominant. Vascular plants were recorded from 164 permanent, 10x10 m plots, distributed as a 141 m grid, in 1974, 1991, 1999, 2012, and 2018. Species presence and frequency/abundance in each plot were estimated and used to model biomass changes. Changes in species-richness, vegetation composition and structure were analysed. Stands opened out by thinning or which became denser through tree growth gained or lost species respectively, particularly non-woodland species. Deer pressure favoured the spread of Brachypodium sylvaticum and reduced Rubus fruticosus. No obvious impacts of climate change, eutrophication or of invasive species were detected in the plot records although other signs suggest these are starting to affect the flora. Just 12 out of 235 species contributed 47% of all species occurrences, 82% of the vegetation cover and 87% of the modelled biomass. We conclude that the ground flora is highly variable over decadal timescales, but the patterns of change observed differ according to the measures used (species richness, cover, biomass, etc). Site level drivers in the short-term swamped effects of slower acting regional/global drivers. Legacy effects were seen in the greater richness of specialists in the older woodland. While some impacts can be mitigated by management, others are largely beyond control at the site level. Numéro de notice : A2022-041 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : BIODIVERSITE/FORET Nature : Article DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119896 Date de publication en ligne : 02/12/2021 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119896 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=99389
in Forest ecology and management > vol 505 (February-1 2022) . - n° 119896[article]Genome-wide evolutionary response of European oaks during the Anthropocene / Dounia Saleh in Evolution letters, vol 6 n° 1 (February 2022)
[article]
Titre : Genome-wide evolutionary response of European oaks during the Anthropocene Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Dounia Saleh, Auteur ; Jun Chen, Auteur ; Jean-Charles Leple, Auteur ; Thibault Leroy, Auteur ; Laura Truffaut, Auteur ; Benjamin Dencausse, Auteur ; Céline Lalanne, Auteur ; Karine Labadie, Auteur ; Isabelle Lesur, Auteur ; Didier Bert, Auteur ; Frédéric Lagane, Auteur ; François Morneau , Auteur ; Jean-Marc Aury, Auteur ; Christophe Plomion, Auteur ; Martin Lascoux, Auteur ; Antoine Kremer, Auteur Année de publication : 2022 Projets : 3-projet - voir note / Article en page(s) : pp 4 - 20 Note générale : bibliographie
This research was supported by the European Research Council through an Advanced Grant (project TREEPEACE # FP7-339728), by France Génomique (project EVOL-OAK, ANR-10-INBS-09-08), and by the French Forest Service (ONF) (INRAE-ONF TREEPEACE contract).Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] dix-huitième siècle
[Termes IGN] dix-neuvième siècle
[Termes IGN] France (géographie physique)
[Termes IGN] génétique forestière
[Termes IGN] Quercus sessiliflora
[Termes IGN] vingt-et-unième siècle
[Termes IGN] vingtième siècle
[Vedettes matières IGN] BotaniqueRésumé : (auteur) The pace of tree microevolution during Anthropocene warming is largely unknown. We used a retrospective approach to monitor genomic changes in oak trees since the Little Ice Age (LIA). Allelic frequency changes were assessed from whole-genome pooled sequences for four age-structured cohorts of sessile oak (Quercus petraea) dating back to 1680, in each of three different oak forests in France. The genetic covariances of allelic frequency changes increased between successive time periods, highlighting genome-wide effects of linked selection. We found imprints of parallel linked selection in the three forests during the late LIA, and a shift of selection during more recent time periods of the Anthropocene. The changes in allelic covariances within and between forests mirrored the documented changes in the occurrence of extreme events (droughts and frosts) over the last 300 years. The genomic regions with the highest covariances were enriched in genes involved in plant responses to pathogens and abiotic stresses (temperature and drought). These responses are consistent with the reported sequence of frost (or drought) and disease damage ultimately leading to the oak dieback after extreme events. They provide support for adaptive evolution of long-lived species during recent climatic changes. Although we acknowledge that other sources (e.g., gene flow, generation overlap) may have contributed to temporal covariances of allelic frequency changes, the consistent and correlated response across the three forests lends support to the existence of a systematic driving force such as natural selection. Numéro de notice : A2022-076 Affiliation des auteurs : IGN+Ext (2020- ) Thématique : BIODIVERSITE/FORET Nature : Article nature-HAL : ArtAvecCL-RevueIntern DOI : 10.1002/evl3.269 Date de publication en ligne : 05/01/2022 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1002/evl3.269 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=99572
in Evolution letters > vol 6 n° 1 (February 2022) . - pp 4 - 20[article]Mapping abundance distributions of allergenic tree species in urbanized landscapes: A nation-wide study for Belgium using forest inventory and citizen science data / Sébastien Dujardin in Landscape and Urban Planning, vol 218 (February 2022)
[article]
Titre : Mapping abundance distributions of allergenic tree species in urbanized landscapes: A nation-wide study for Belgium using forest inventory and citizen science data Type de document : Article/Communication Auteurs : Sébastien Dujardin, Auteur ; Michiel Stas, Auteur ; Camille Van Eupen, Auteur ; et al., Auteur Année de publication : 2022 Article en page(s) : n° 104286 Note générale : bibliographie Langues : Anglais (eng) Descripteur : [Termes IGN] Alnus (genre)
[Termes IGN] Belgique
[Termes IGN] Betula (genre)
[Termes IGN] carte de la végétation
[Termes IGN] carte forestière
[Termes IGN] classification par forêts d'arbres décisionnels
[Termes IGN] Corylus (genre)
[Termes IGN] distribution spatiale
[Termes IGN] inventaire forestier étranger (données)
[Termes IGN] milieu urbain
[Termes IGN] modèle mathématique
[Termes IGN] régression
[Termes IGN] santé
[Termes IGN] science citoyenne
[Vedettes matières IGN] Inventaire forestierRésumé : (auteur) Mapping the distribution of allergenic plants in urbanized landscapes is of high importance to evaluate its impact on human health. However, data is not always available for the allergy-relevant species such as alder, birch, hazel, especially within cities where systematic inventories are often missing or not readily available. This research presents an approach to produce high-resolution abundance maps of allergenic tree species using existing forest inventories and opportunistic open-access citizen science data. Following a two-step approach, we first built species distribution models (SDMs) to predict species habitat suitability, using environmental characteristics as predictors. Second, we used statistical regressions to model the relationships between abundance, the habitat suitability predicted by the SDMs, and additional vegetation cover covariates. The combination of forest inventory data with citizen science data improves the accuracy of abundance distribution models of allergenic tree species. This produces a continuous, 1-hectare resolution map of alder, birch, and hazel showing spatial variations of abundance distributions both within the urban fabric and along the urban–rural gradient. Species abundance modelling can offer a better understanding of the existing and potential future allergy risk posed by green spaces and pave the way for a wide variety of applications at fine-scale, which is indispensable for evidence-based urban green space policy and planning in support of public health. Numéro de notice : A2022-248 Affiliation des auteurs : non IGN Thématique : FORET/GEOMATIQUE Nature : Article DOI : 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104286 Date de publication en ligne : 31/10/2021 En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104286 Format de la ressource électronique : URL article Permalink : https://documentation.ensg.eu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=100196
in Landscape and Urban Planning > vol 218 (February 2022) . - n° 104286[article]Survival time and mortality rate of regeneration in the deep shade of a primeval beech forest / R. Petrovska in European Journal of Forest Research, vol 141 n° 1 (February 2022)PermalinkConservation zones increase habitat heterogeneity of certified Mediterranean oak woodlands / Teresa Mexia in Forest ecology and management, vol 504 (January-15 2022)PermalinkForest floor alteration by canopy trees and soil wetness drive regeneration of a spruce-beech forest / Pavel Daněk in Forest ecology and management, vol 504 (January-15 2022)PermalinkAbove-ground biomass estimation in a Mediterranean sparse coppice oak forest using Sentinel-2 data / Fardin Moradi in Annals of forest research, vol 65 n° 1 (January - June 2022)PermalinkAirborne LiDAR and high resolution multispectral data integration in Eucalyptus tree species mapping in an Australian farmscape / Niva Kiran Verma in Geocarto international, vol 37 n° 1 ([01/01/2022])PermalinkApplication of deep learning with stratified K-fold for vegetation species discrimation in a protected mountainous region using Sentinel-2 image / Efosa Gbenga Adagbasa in Geocarto international, vol 37 n° 1 ([01/01/2022])PermalinkBeech and hornbeam dominate oak 20 years after the creation of storm-induced gaps / Lucie Dietz in Forest ecology and management, vol 503 (January-1 2022)PermalinkEffets des bryophytes sur les microsites de régénération forestière en climat tempéré / Laura Chevaux (2022)PermalinkEstimating aboveground biomass in dense Hyrcanian forests by the use of Sentinel-2 data / Fardin Moradi in Forests, vol 13 n° 1 (January 2022)PermalinkPermalinkFungal perspective of pine and oak colonization in Mediterranean degraded ecosystems / Irene Adamo in Forests, vol 13 n° 1 (January 2022)PermalinkGenetic diversity of sessile oak populations in the Czech Republic / Jakub Dvořák in Journal of forest science, vol 68 n° 1 (January 2022)PermalinkImportance des facteurs locaux climatiques et édaphiques dans la dynamique de régénération des communautés à hêtre en marge d’aire de répartition / Ludovic Lacombe (2022)PermalinkLatent heat flux variability and response to drought stress of black poplar: A multi-platform multi-sensor remote and proximal sensing approach to relieve the data scarcity bottleneck / Flavia Tauro in Remote sensing of environment, vol 268 (January 2022)PermalinkNew insights in the modeling and simulation of tree and stand level variables in Mediterranean mixed forests in the present context of climate change / Diego Rodríguez de Prado (2022)PermalinkRegeneration of spruce - fir - beech mixed forests under climate and ungulate pressure / Mithila Unkule (2022)PermalinkThe efficiency of retention measures in continuous-cover forestry for conserving epiphytic cryptogams: A case study on Abies alba / Stefan Kaufmann in Forest ecology and management, vol 502 (December-15 2021)PermalinkClimate warming-induced replacement of mesic beech by thermophilic oak forests will reduce the carbon storage potential in aboveground biomass and soil / Jan Kasper in Annals of Forest Science, vol 78 n° 4 (December 2021)PermalinkExtensification and afforestation of cultivated mineral soil for climate change mitigation in Finland / Boris Tupek in Forest ecology and management, vol 501 (December-1 2021)PermalinkImproving the Fagacées growth model with an expanded common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) data series from France and Germany / Gilles Le Moguédec in Annals of Forest Science, vol 78 n° 4 (December 2021)PermalinkModelling bark volume for six commercially important tree species in France: assessment of models and application at regional scale / Rodolphe Bauer in Annals of Forest Science, vol 78 n° 4 (December 2021)PermalinkRadiative transfer modeling in structurally complex stands: towards a better understanding of parametrization / Frédéric André in Annals of Forest Science, vol 78 n° 4 (December 2021)PermalinkForest type matters: Global review about the structure of oak dominated old-growth temperate forests / Janos Bölöni in Forest ecology and management, vol 500 (November-15 2021)PermalinkA CNN-based approach for the estimation of canopy heights and wood volume from GEDI waveforms / Ibrahim Fayad in Remote sensing of environment, vol 265 (November 2021)PermalinkGrowth recovery and phenological responses of juvenile beech (fagus sylvatica L.) exposed to spring warming and late spring frost / Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge in Forests, vol 12 n° 11 (November 2021)PermalinkMulti-sensor aboveground biomass estimation in the broadleaved hyrcanian forest of Iran / Ghasem Ronoud in Canadian journal of remote sensing, vol 47 n° 6 ([01/11/2021])PermalinkA novel cotton mapping index combining Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery / Lan Xun in ISPRS Journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing, Vol 181 (November 2021)PermalinkEarly detection of pine wilt disease using deep learning algorithms and UAV-based multispectral imagery / Run Yu in Forest ecology and management, vol 497 (October-1 2021)PermalinkPhenology-based delineation of irrigated and rain-fed paddy fields with Sentinel-2 imagery in Google Earth Engine / Daniel Marc G. dela Torre in Geo-spatial Information Science, vol 24 n° 4 (October 2021)PermalinkThe effects of combining the variables in allometric biomass models on biomass estimates over large forest areas: A european beech case study / Erick O. Osewe in Forests, vol 12 n° 10 (October 2021)PermalinkUncertainties in measurements of leaf optical properties are small compared to the biological variation within and between individuals of European beech / Fanny Petibon in Remote sensing of environment, vol 264 (October 2021)PermalinkVariation in downed deadwood density, biomass, and moisture during decomposition in a natural temperate forest / Tomas Přívětivý in Forests, vol 12 n° 10 (October 2021)PermalinkAssessing the land expectation value of even-aged vs coppice-with-standards stand management and long-term effects of whole-tree harvesting on forest productivity and profitability / Abdelwahad Bessaad in Annals of Forest Science, vol 78 n° 3 (September 2021)PermalinkDetection of aspen in conifer-dominated boreal forests with seasonal multispectral drone image point clouds / Alwin A. Hardenbol in Silva fennica, vol 55 n° 4 (September 2021)PermalinkGeoglam, l'agriculture par satellite / Laurent Polidori in Géomètre, n° 2194 (septembre 2021)PermalinkForest inventory-based assessments of the invasion risk of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco and Quercus rubra L. in Germany / A. Bindewald in European Journal of Forest Research, vol 140 n° 4 (August 2021)PermalinkThe influence of fencing on seedling establishment during reforestation of oak stands: a comparison of artificial and natural regeneration techniques including costs / Magnus Löf in European Journal of Forest Research, vol 140 n° 4 (August 2021)PermalinkVariation in morphological and wood cell traits in coppice stems of Populus nigra L. and Salix alba L. / Seray Özden in Journal of forest science, vol 67 n° 8 (August 2021)PermalinkClimate warming predispose sessile oak forests to drought-induced tree mortality regardless of management legacies / Any Mary Petritan in Forest ecology and management, vol 491 (July-1 2021)PermalinkThe presence of shade-intolerant conifers facilitates the regeneration of Quercus petraea in mixed stands / Jeremy Borderieux in Forest ecology and management, vol 491 (July-1 2021)PermalinkUpdating of forest stand data by using recent digital photogrammetry in combination with older airborne laser scanning data / Niels Lindgren in Scandinavian journal of forest research, vol 36 n° 5 ([01/07/2021])PermalinkForest cover mapping and Pinus species classification using very high-resolution satellite images and random forest / Laura Alonso-Martinez in ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol V-2-2021 (July 2021)PermalinkAn innovative and automated method for characterizing wood defects on trunk surfaces using high-density 3D terrestrial LiDAR data / Van-Tho Nguyen in Annals of Forest Science, vol 78 n° 2 (June 2021)PermalinkDirect analysis in real-time (DART) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) of wood reveals distinct chemical signatures of two species of Afzelia / Peter Kitin in Annals of Forest Science, vol 78 n° 2 (June 2021)PermalinkEvaluating the performance of hyperspectral leaf reflectance to detect water stress and estimation of photosynthetic capacities / Jingjing Zhou in Remote sensing, vol 13 n° 11 (June-1 2021)Permalink